Baseline characteristics of study participants
| Characteristic | Participants |
| Participants | 100 |
| Age years | 72±9 |
| Males/females | 43/57 |
| BMI kg·m−2 | 27 (6) |
| Pulmonary function | |
| FEV1 L | 1.34±0.51 |
| FEV1 % predicted | 54±16 |
| FVC L | 2.50±0.77 |
| FVC % predicted | 77±19 |
| FEV1/FVC % | 54±11 |
| 6MWD m | 377±101 |
| GOLD stage n | |
| I | 2 |
| II | 60 |
| III | 28 |
| IV | 10 |
| SGRQ score#,¶ | |
| Total | 45±17 |
| Symptoms | 56±20 |
| Activity | 65±20 |
| Impact | 31±19 |
Data are presented as n or mean±sd. All values are post-bronchodilator. BMI: body mass index; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; 6MWD: 6-min walk distance; GOLD: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; SGRQ: St George's Respiratory Questionnaire. #: on a scale from 0 to 100; ¶: 12 missing data points.