Characteristics of patients with index chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) hospitalisation according to level of moderate to vigorous physical activity
| Inactive 0 min·week−1 | Insufficiently active 1–149 min·week−1 | Active ≥150 min·week−1 | Total | p-value | |
| Subjects n | 1727 | 412 | 231 | 2370 | |
| Age years | 73±10 | 71±11 | 71±10 | 73±11 | <0.001 |
| Female | 963 (56) | 228 (55) | 117 (51) | 1308 (55) | 0.34 |
| Marital status: partnered | 781 (45) | 204 (50) | 124 (54) | 1109 (47) | 0.01 |
| Education | 0.002 | ||||
| High school or less | 760 (44) | 183 (44) | 94 (41) | 1037 (44) | |
| Some college or less | 550 (32) | 129 (31) | 73 (31) | 752 (32) | |
| College or higher | 417 (24) | 100 (24) | 64 (28) | 581 (25) | |
| Median household income $ | 0.36 | ||||
| <50 000 | 717 (42) | 161 (39) | 86 (37) | 964 (41) | |
| 50 000–79 999 | 703 (41) | 177 (43) | 93 (40) | 973 (41) | |
| 80 000–99 999 | 189 (11) | 52 (13) | 35 (15) | 276 (12) | |
| ≥100 000 | 112 (6) | 21 (5) | 17 (7) | 150 (6) | |
| Missing | 6 (0) | 1 (0) | 0 | 7 (0) | |
| Body mass index | 0.02 | ||||
| Underweight <18.5 kg·m−2 | 132 (8) | 25 (6) | 11 (5) | 168 (7) | |
| Normal 18.5–24.9 kg·m−2 | 540 (31) | 144 (35) | 85 (37) | 769 (32) | |
| Overweight 25–29.9 kg·m−2 | 451 (26) | 115 (28) | 76 (33) | 642 (27) | |
| Obese >30 kg·m−2 | 604 (35) | 128 (31) | 59 (26) | 791 (33) | |
| Race | 0.22 | ||||
| White | 1177 (68) | 268 (65) | 161 (70) | 1606 (68) | |
| Black | 248 (14) | 72 (17) | 29 (13) | 349 (15) | |
| Hispanic | 200 (12) | 47 (11) | 26 (11) | 273 (12) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 63 (4) | 22 (5) | 13 (6) | 98 (4) | |
| Others | 12 (1) | 1 (0) | 1 (0) | 14 (1) | |
| Missing | 27 (2) | 2 (0) | 1 (0) | 30 (1) | |
| Insurance | 0.07 | ||||
| Commercial | 355 (21) | 100 (24) | 58 (25) | 513 (22) | |
| Medicaid | 35 (2) | 9 (2) | 2 (1) | 46 (2) | |
| Medicare | 1328 (77) | 296 (72) | 167 (72) | 1791 (76) | |
| Private pay | 9 (1) | 5 (1) | 4 (2) | 18 (1) | |
| Missing | 0 | 2 (0) | 0 | 2 (0) | |
| Smoking status | 0.36 | ||||
| Never | 200 (12) | 56 (14) | 35 (15) | 291 (12) | |
| Passive | 12 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (0) | 13 (1) | |
| Former | 1154 (67) | 276 (67) | 152 (66) | 1582 (67) | |
| Current | 361 (21) | 80 (19) | 43 (19) | 484 (20) | |
| Immunisation | |||||
| Influenza vaccination | 1354 (78) | 333 (81) | 184 (80) | 1871 (79) | 0.54 |
| Pneumonia vaccination | 1109 (64) | 279 (68) | 151 (65) | 1539 (65) | 0.40 |
| Pulmonary rehabilitation | 103 (6) | 38 (9) | 21 (9) | 162 (7) | 0.02 |
| FEV1 % pred# | 56.1±21.5 | 55.6±21.0 | 62.3±22.3 | 56.6±21.5 | <0.01 |
| FEV1/FVC | 55.5±15.8 | 54.4±15.9 | 56.2±15.2 | 55.3±15.7 | 0.65 |
| GOLD I: ≥80% pred | 112 (6) | 32 (8) | 30 (13) | 174 (7) | 0.03 |
| GOLD II: 50%≤FEV1 <80% pred | 432 (25) | 106 (26) | 63 (27) | 601 (25) | |
| GOLD III: 30%≤FEV1 <50% pred | 278 (16) | 68 (17) | 32 (14) | 378 (16) | |
| GOLD IV: FEV1 <30% pred | 100 (6) | 30 (7) | 9 (4) | 139 (6) | |
| Missing | 805 (47) | 176 (43) | 97 (42) | 1078 (45) | |
| Medications | |||||
| Short-acting beta-agonist | 1595 (92) | 377 (92) | 204 (88) | 2176 (92) | 0.11 |
| Short-acting anticholinergic | 1002 (58) | 231 (56) | 125 (54) | 1358 (57) | 0.45 |
| LABA | 816 (47) | 189 (46) | 104 (45) | 1109 (47) | 0.75 |
| Long-acting anticholinergic | 626 (36) | 157 (38) | 72 (31%) | 855 (36) | 0.21 |
| ICS | 1337 (77) | 313 (76) | 170 (74) | 1820 (77) | 0.39 |
| LAMA and ICS¶ | 546 (32) | 134 (33) | 66 (29) | 746 (31) | 0.57 |
| LABA and ICS¶ | 808 (47) | 188 (46) | 102 (44) | 1098 (46) | 0.72 |
| Long-term systemic corticosteroids | 235 (14) | 55 (13) | 19 (8) | 309 (13) | 0.07 |
| Oxygen use prior to index hospitalisation | 315 (18) | 70 (17) | 24 (10) | 409 (17) | 0.01 |
| New oxygen use post-index hospitalisation | 184 (11) | 52 (13) | 31 (13) | 267 (11) | 0.29 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Anaemia present at hospitalisation | 280 (16) | 71 (17) | 29 (13) | 380 (16) | 0.28 |
| Heart failure | 664 (38) | 134 (33) | 48 (21) | 846 (36) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 243 (14) | 49 (12) | 18 (8) | 310 (13) | 0.02 |
| Diabetes | 590 (34) | 130 (32) | 60 (26) | 780 (33) | 0.04 |
| Depression | 359 (21) | 82 (20) | 35 (15) | 476 (20) | 0.13 |
| Anxiety | 110 (6) | 34 (8) | 12 (5) | 156 (7) | 0.26 |
| Solid tumour without metastasis | 297 (17) | 68 (17) | 41 (18) | 406 (17) | 0.91 |
| Metastatic cancer | 43 (2) | 10 (2) | 2 (1) | 55 (2) | 0.30 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 4.0±2.6 | 3.7±2.6 | 3.1±2.4 | 3.9±2.6 | <0.001 |
| 0–1 | 332 (19) | 91 (22) | 63 (27) | 486 (21) | <0.01 |
| 2 | 280 (16) | 71 (17) | 49 (21) | 400 (17) | |
| ≥3 | 1115 (65) | 250 (61) | 119 (52) | 1484 (63) | |
| Hospitalisation in prior year | |||||
| COPD-related hospitalisation | 487 (28) | 110 (27) | 44 (19) | 641 (27) | <0.01 |
| 2.0±1.8 | 2.1±1.9 | 1.8±1.8 | 2.0±1.8 | ||
| Non-COPD-related hospitalisation | 380 (22) | 88 (21) | 51 (22) | 519 (22) | 0.05 |
| 2.4±2.2 | 2.3±2.2 | 2.0±1.5 | 2.3±2.2 | ||
| Length of stay for index | 4.9±4.1 | 4.3±3.0 | 4.2±2.9 | 4.7±3.9 | 0.04 |
| Hospitalisation days | |||||
| 1–2 | 389 (23) | 109 (26) | 69 (30) | 567 (24) | |
| 3 | 386 (22) | 108 (26) | 55 (24) | 549 (23) | |
| 4–6 | 636 (37) | 135 (33) | 78 (34) | 849 (36) | |
| 7–13 | 256 (15) | 51 (12) | 25 (11) | 332 (14) | |
| 14–59 | 60 (3) | 9 (2) | 4 (2) | 73 (3) | |
| Discharge disposition for index hospitalisation | 0.001 | ||||
| Home | 1508 (87) | 386 (94) | 221 (96) | 2115 (89) | |
| Post-acute (skilled nursing) | 125 (7) | 16 (4) | 6 (3) | 147 (6) | |
| Hospice | 56 (3) | 5 (1) | 1 (0) | 62 (3) | |
| Hospital | 6 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (0) | |
| Other | 11 (1) | 1 (0) | 1 (0) | 13 (1) | |
| Missing | 21 (1) | 4 (1) | 2 (1) | 27 (1) | |
| Palliative care consultation during index hospitalisation | 106 (6) | 15 (4) | 4 (2) | 125 (5) | 0.005 |
Data are presented as mean±sd or n (%), unless otherwise stated. FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; GOLD: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; LABA: long-acting β-agonist; LAMA: long-acting muscarinic antagonist; ICS: inhaled corticosteroid. #: n=1292; ¶: numbers might not add up as patients are included in the count if they are on an ICS and LABA or LAMA.