Association (odds ratio (OR) adjusted for age, area deprivation and borough) between 10% increase in area ethnic density and high-intensity smoking (males only)
| Ethnic group | Current smokers n | High-intensity smokers# % | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
| White British/Irish | 40 725 | 10.4 | 0.99 (0.96–1.04) | 0.799 |
| Other White | 29 783 | 6.2 | 0.90 (0.79–1.01) | 0.074 |
| Indian | 6481 | 2.1 | 0.84 (0.70–1.01) | 0.060 |
| Pakistani | 5504 | 3.3 | 1.08 (0.83–1.40) | 0.560 |
| Bangladeshi | 22 262 | 3.8 | 0.88 (0.82–0.95) | 0.001 |
| Black African | 6173 | 2.4 | 0.94 (0.68–1.03) | 0.706 |
| Black Caribbean | 7580 | 3.0 | 0.67 (0.41–1.10) | 0.115 |
#: high-intensity smoking >20 cigarettes per day.