TABLE 7

Associations of income and education to disease progression

Coefficient (95% CI)p-value
Change in FEV1 mLModel R2 0.0660
 Baseline FEV1 % pred−2.78 (−3.13– −2.41)<0.0001
 Current smoking−51.36 (−70.99– −31.73)<0.0001
 Female68.47 (51.85–85.09)<0.0001
 Age at recruitment−0.39 (−1.54–0.77)0.51
 Education beyond high school−7.96 (−27.00–11.08)0.41
 Low income−36.58 (−57.23– −15.93)0.001
 African American race49.21 (27.48–70.93)<0.0001
 Smoking pack-years−0.89 (−1.27– −0.51)<0.0001
Change in emphysemaModel R2 0.0925
 Baseline emphysema−0.017 (−0.035–0.00073)0.060
 Baseline FEV1 % pred−0.051 (−0.058– −0.045)<0.0001
 Current smoking0.68 (0.39–0.98)<0.0001
 Female−0.039 (−0.29–0.21)0.76
 Age at recruitment−0.0057 (−0.023–0.011)0.51
 Education beyond high school0.21 (−0.075–0.49)0.15
 Low income0.14 (−0.17–0.45)0.39
 African American race0.31 (−0.019–0.64)0.065
 Smoking pack-years0.0051 (−0.00070–0.011)0.085
Change in airway wall thicknessModel R2 0.1121
 Baseline airway wall thickness−0.20 (−0.22– −0.18)<0.0001
 Baseline FEV1 % pred−0.00018 (−0.00036– −0.0000048)0.044
 Current smoking0.0060 (−0.0029–0.015)0.185
 Female−0.022 (−0.030– −0.014)<0.0001
 Age at recruitment0.00070 (0.00019–0.0012)0.008
 Education beyond high school−0.0013 (−0.0099–0.0073)0.76
 Low income0.013 (0.0036–0.022)0.007
 African American race−0.015 (−0.025– −0.0050)0.003
 Smoking pack-years0.00013 (−0.000042–0.00031)0.136

FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s.