Age years (mean±sd) | 69.3±8.8 | 0.98 (0.96–1.00, p=0.048) | |
Female n (%) | 345 (69.7) | 0.97 (0.70–1.33, p=0.842) | |
Smoking n (%) | | | |
Never | 164 (33.1) | Reference | Reference |
Former | 288 (58.2) | 1.17 (0.84–1.63, p=0.348) | 1.20 (0.84–1.70, p=0.312) |
Current | 43 (8.7) | 1.62 (0.94–2.82, p=0.084) | 1.59 (0.91–2.77, p=0.104) |
Smoking by sex interaction | | | (p=0.0023) |
Obesity# n (%) | | | |
No | 319 (64.4) | Reference | Reference |
Yes | 176 (35.6) | 1.37 (1.01–1.84, p=0.041) | 1.38 (1.01–1.87, p=0.040) |
Previous exacerbation¶ n (%) | 74 (14.9) | 4.05 (2.94–5.56, p<0.001) | 4.25 (3.07–5.90, p<0.001) |
R03 medication+ n (%) | | | |
None | 165 (33.3) | Reference | |
Rescue | 35 (7.1) | 2.82 (1.49–5.37, p=0.002) | 3.08 (1.61–5.90, p=0.001) |
Controller | 167 (33.7) | 2.45 (1.57–3.82, p<0.001) | 2.50 (1.59–3.92, p<0.001) |
Rescue+Controller | 128 (25.9) | 4.50 (2.90–7.00, p<0.001) | 4.42 (2.82–6.94, p<0.001) |
R03 controller to total ratio | 0.8 (0.3) | 0.79 (0.50–1.26, p=0.324) | 0.77 (0.48–1.23, p=0.276) |
Respiratory complaints§ n (%) | | | |
Wheezing | 323 (65.8) | 2.08 (1.45–2.96, p<0.001) | 2.07 (1.44–2.97, p<0.001) |
Dyspnoea | 301 (65.4) | 2.02 (1.39–2.91, p<0.001) | 2.18 (1.48–3.21, p<0.001) |
Chronic cough | 105 (21.2) | 1.32 (0.95–1.83, p=0.105) | 1.34 (0.96–1.87, p=0.085) |
Lung function n (%) | | | |
Normal | 359 (76.2) | Reference | Reference |
Restriction | 11 (2.3) | 1.27 (0.47–3.44, p=0.643) | 1.20 (0.44–3.27, p=0.722) |
Obstruction | 101 (21.4) | 1.57 (1.11–2.20, p=0.010) | 1.52 (1.07–2.15, p=0.019) |
FEV1 % pred (mean±sd) | 91.2±17.4 | 0.98 (0.97–0.99, p<0.001) | 0.97 (0.97–0.99, p<0.001) |
COPD co-diagnosis n (%) | 48 (9.7) | 1.45 (0.96–2.21, p=0.080) | 1.48 (0.97–2.28, p=0.071) |
Depressive symptomsƒ n (%) | 72 (14.7) | 1.50 (1.02–2.19, p=0.038) | 1.55 (1.05–2.29, p=0.027) |
Diabetes mellitus n (%) | 44 (9.0) | 1.18 (0.70–1.97, p=0.530) | 1.12 (0.66–1.91, p=0.678) |
Coronary heart disease n (%) | 16 (3.3) | 0.98 (0.44–2.23, p=0.971) | 1.05 (0.46–2.41, p=0.899) |