Original articleRisk factors and correlates of snoring and observed apnea
Introduction
Sleep apnea and snoring are sleep-related breathing disorders. Snoring occurs in at least 20–40 % of the general population [1], [2], [3]. Most snorers are “simple” or “nonapneic”, as the prevalence of snoring is much higher than that of sleep apnea [4]. There is a continuous spectrum from simple to disease-causing snoring ranging from merely disturbing noises to pharyngeal obstructions and breathing pauses [5]. Snoring during sleep is an important manifestation of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome [6]. There is significant evidence that snoring is a cause of sleepiness, even in the absence of conventional sleep apnea [7]. Many snorers complain of tiredness during the day, but little is known about the impact of snoring on daily life in other respects [8], [9].
The risk factors for snoring and apnea have been investigated in many studies [10], [11], [12], [13], [14]. Several population-based studies indicated that current and past smoking were risk factors for snoring and apnea [15], [16], [17]. However, no data, as far as we know, are available that show that exposure to biomass smoke is a risk factor for snoring and observed apnea.
The risk factors and correlates of snoring and observed apnea in the population are not well known. This study aimed to assess risk factors and correlates of snoring and observed apnea.
Section snippets
Subjects
This study was carried out as a part of an epidemiologic survey conducted to assess the characteristics of sleep-related breathing symptoms and other diseases in Kirikkale, Turkey in 2004. Questionnaires concerning respiratory symptoms, sleep-related breathing symptoms, and psychological distress were distributed to students from 20 randomly selected primary schools in Kirikkale (14 schools in urban, 6 schools in rural areas). The students were asked to interview their parents and grandparents
Results
Out of 13,225 parents and grandparents of primary school students 12,270 returned the questionnaires, for an overall response rate of 92.7%. However, eligible data for all analyses were obtained from 9187 subjects.
Discussion
The present study revealed that snoring and observed apnea were more prevalent among subjects living in rural than among those living in urban Kirikkale. Exposure to biomass smoke in rural areas may account for the higher prevalence rates of snoring and observed apnea. Smoking rates in both regions were similar. Some of the women, however, in rural areas were exposed to biomass smoke. Higher prevalence rates of snoring and observed apnea in women exposed to biomass smoke in rural areas than
References (32)
Can snoring induce or worsen obstructive sleep apnea?
Med Hypotheses
(1998)- et al.
Prevalence of snoring and symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing in primary school children in istanbul
Chest
(2004) - et al.
Risk factors in a general population for snoring. Importance of cigarette smoking and obesity
Chest
(1988) - et al.
Risk factors associated with habitual snoring and sleep-disordered breathing in a multi-ethnic Asian population: a population-based study
Respir Med
(2004) - et al.
Prevalence of snoring and sleep-disordered breathing in a student population
Chest
(1999) - et al.
Association of asthma-related symptoms with snoring and apnea and effect on health-related quality of life
Chest
(2005) - et al.
Self-reported sleepiness while driving as a risk factor for traffic accidents in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and in non-apnoeic snorers
Respir Med
(2000) - et al.
The sleep apnea syndrome as a health problem. An estimation of its prevalence and morbimortality
Ann Med Interna
(1999) - et al.
Snoring and sleep apnea syndrome
Wien Med Wochenschr
(1989) - et al.
Snoring as a risk factor for disease: an epidemiological survey
Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)
(1985)
From simple snoring to sleep apnea syndrome-clinical spectrum
Ther Umsch
Epidemiology of snoring and its consequences
Monaldi Arch Chest Dis
Evaluation of the quality of life of male snorers using the Nottingham Health Profile
Acta Otolaryngol
Snoring, asthma and sleep disturbance in Britain: a community-based survey
Eur Respir J
Daytime sleepiness, snoring and gastro-oesophageal reflux amongst young adults in three European countries
J Intern Med
Physical findings and the risk for obstructive sleep apnea
Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Cited by (40)
Is exposure to chemical pollutants associated with sleep outcomes? A systematic review
2023, Sleep Medicine ReviewsDampness and mold at home and at work and onset of insomnia symptoms, snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness
2020, Environment InternationalCitation Excerpt :Environmental tobacco smoke was found to be associated with snoring among adults in Northern Europe and Japan (Franklin et al., 2004; Ohida et al., 2007). One study from Turkey showed that exposure to biomass smoke was associated with snoring and observed apnea among adults (Ekici et al., 2008). We found no studies on dampness/mold and snoring.
The prevalence of high risk obstructive sleep apnoea among patients with type 2 diabetes in Jordan
2019, Diabetes Research and Clinical PracticeSigns and symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea and upper airway resistance syndrome
2019, Sleep Apnea and Snoring: Surgical and Non-Surgical TherapyEffects of maxillary protraction appliances on airway dimensions in growing class III maxillary retrognathic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
2018, International Journal of Pediatric OtorhinolaryngologyCitation Excerpt :Since there were less than 10 studies included in the meta-analysis, we gave up conducting funnel plots and the Begg's rank correlation test. Recently, surgeons and orthodontists have been attaching more and more importance to the relationship between upper airway and craniofacial anatomic factors [33,34]. Some researchers proposed that MPAs may be an effective solution for some pediatric OSAS [35], considering the fact that MPAs have been proven to contribute to anterior movement of the maxilla [16,36] in growing skeletal class III patients with maxillary retrusion.
Agreement between cone-beam computed tomography and nasoendoscopy evaluations of adenoid hypertrophy
2014, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial OrthopedicsCitation Excerpt :Common symptoms include altered craniofacial growth,6,7 snoring,36 mouth breathing,1 suborbital venous pooling, headaches, otitis media rhinorrhea, and attention deficit.14,15,37 Common risk factors for developing pediatric obstructive sleep apnea include asthma,1,38 obesity,2,3,39 chronic allergies,4,40 a parent or housemate who smokes,5-7,41 and preterm birth.8,42 If an orthodontist combines a thorough clinical history with reliable CBCT imaging, he or she should have excellent success in screening patients who require further otolaryngology and sleep-medicine workups.