Figures
- FIGURE 1
A flow chart of study cohort. HUNT: Nord-Trøndelag Health Study; HUNT2: 1995–1997; HUNT3: 2006–2008.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Use of cod liver oil and multivitamin supplements by baseline characteristics in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study in 1995–1997 to 2006–2008 (N=16 952)
Reference group# Cod liver oil only Multivitamin supplements only Use of both Subjects 13 742 (81) 1163 (7) 997 (6) 1050 (6) Age at baseline years 38.8±8.8 41.6±8.1 40.4±8.9 41.9±8.6 Body mass index kg·m−2 25.7±3.8 25.5±3.5 25.4±3.9 25.4±3.7 HADS Anxiety 4.0±3.1 4.2±3.2 4.7±3.5 4.7±3.5 Depression 2.9±2.7 2.9±2.7 3.3±2.8 3.1±2.9 Female sex 7229 (52.6) 657 (56.5) 794 (79.6) 741 (70.6) Current smoking 3827 (27.9) 239 (20.6) 310 (31.1) 264 (25.1) Physical activity <1 h per week 3140 (22.9) 202 (17.4) 181 (18.2) 179 (17.1) Education <10 years 2511 (18.3) 218 (18.7) 181 (18.2) 172 (16.4) Social benefit recipient 2371 (17.3) 189 (16.3) 241 (24.2) 268 (25.5) Having economic difficulty 4384 (31.9) 274 (23.6) 357 (35.8) 295 (28.1) Family history of asthma 2254 (16.4) 192 (16.5) 188 (18.9) 190 (18.1) Alcohol consumption ≥5 times per month 1865 (13.6) 182 (15.7) 126 (12.6) 152 (14.5) Any chronic disease at baseline 1590 (11.6) 194 (16.7) 202 (20.3) 249 (23.7) Data are presented as n (%) or mean±sd. HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. #: nonusers or those with a daily intake of cod liver oil or multivitamin supplements for <3 months.
- TABLE 2
Subjects missing information on the use of cod liver oil or multivitamin supplements in in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, in comparison with subjects with complete data who were included in the analysis
Subjects with complete data Subjects with missing data Subjects n 16 952 6614 Age at baseline years 39.4±8.8 40.9±8.8 Body mass index kg·m−2 25.6±3.7 26.0±4.0 Female sex 9421 (55.6) 3648 (55.2) Current smoking 4640 (28.9) 2124 (33.8) Physical activity <1 h per week 3702 (24.2) 1632 (27.8) Education <10 years 3082 (18.3) 1611 (24.7) Social benefit recipients 3069 (19.3) 1005 (32.0) Having economic difficulty 5310 (31.7) 1164 (34.8) Family history of asthma 2824 (17.7) 614 (11.5) Data are presented as mean±sd or n (%), unless otherwise stated.
- TABLE 3
The association of use of cod liver oil and multivitamin supplements with cumulative incidence of asthma over the 11-year follow-up period of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study from 1995–1997 to 2006–2008 (N=16 952)
Regular use of cod liver oil and multivitamin supplements in the previous year Subjects n Cases n (%) Crude OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI) Model I# Model II¶ Model III+ Reference group§ 13 742 389 (2.8) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Cod liver oil only 1163 46 (4.0) 1.41 (1.04–1.93) 1.59 (1.16–2.19) 1.59 (1.16–2.18) 1.53 (1.11–2.11) Multivitamin supplements only 997 46 (4.6) 1.66 (1.21–2.27) 1.55 (1.12–2.13) 1.54 (1.12–2.13) 1.48 (1.07–2.05) Use of both 1050 48 (4.6) 1.64 (1.21–2.23) 1.73 (1.26–2.37) 1.73 (1.26–2.36) 1.65 (1.20–2.26) #: adjusted for age, sex, smoking (current, former, never and unknown), light physical activity, education, social benefit, economic difficulties, family history of asthma and body mass index; ¶: adjusted for alcohol consumption in addition to the covariates in model I; +: adjusted for Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores for anxiety and depression, and chronic disease at baseline, in addition to the covariates in model I (n=16 819 due to missing HADS scores); §: nonusers or those with daily intake of cod liver oil or multivitamin supplements for <3 months.
- TABLE 4
Sensitivity analysis using a stricter definition for asthma# (N=14 939)
Regular use of cod liver oil and multivitamin supplements in the previous year Subjects n Cases n (%) Crude OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI) Model I¶ Model II+ Model III§ Reference groupƒ 12 175 238 (2.0) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Cod liver oil only 1008 29 (2.9) 1.49 (1.00–2.20) 1.72 (1.16–2.56) 1.71 (1.15–2.54) 1.63 (1.09–2.44) Multivitamin supplements only 861 26 (3.0) 1.56 (1.04–2.36) 1.50 (0.99–2.28) 1.49 (0.98–2.27) 1.43 (0.94–2.18) Use of both 895 30 (3.4) 1.74 (1.18–2.56) 1.90 (1.28–2.83) 1.90 (1.28–2.83) 1.81 (1.21–2.70) The association of the use of cod liver oil and multivitamin supplements with cumulative incidence of asthma over the 11-year follow-up period of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study from 1995–1997 to 2006–2008. #: stricter definition for asthma was participants who were free from wheeze and asthma at baseline who reported asthma at follow-up in combination with use of asthma medication; participants who were free from wheeze and asthma both at baseline and at follow-up served as reference group. ¶: adjusted for age, sex, smoking (current, former, never and unknown), light physical activity, education, social benefit, economic difficulties, family history of asthma and body mass index. +: adjusted for alcohol consumption in addition to the covariates in model I. §: adjusted for Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores for anxiety and depression, and chronic disease at baseline, in addition to the covariates in model I (n=14 827 due to missing HADS scores). ƒ: nonusers or those with daily intake of cod liver oil or multivitamin supplements for <3 months.
Supplementary material
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- Please note: supplementary material is not edited by the Editorial Office, and is uploaded as it has been supplied by the author. - The association of use of cod liver oil and multivitamin supplements with cumulative incidence of asthma over 11-year follow-up period, the HUNT Study, after excluding ever COPD, Chronic bronchitis or emphysema (n=16,711)
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