Figures
- FIGURE 1
Measured maximal oxygen consumption (V′O2peak) in a) 58 men and b) 41 women, aged >70 years and free of chronic diseases. Predicted maximal oxygen consumption (V′O2max) reference values and their changes with age were calculated using reference equations by Wasserman et al. [11], Jones et al. [8], Blackie et al. [12], Hakola et al. [13] and Koch et al. [17] for an illustrative individual (male: 80 kg and 172 cm; female: 67 kg and 160 cm; mean heights and weights in our study).
Tables
- TABLE 1
Equations used for calculation of predicted maximal oxygen consumption (V′O2max)
First author [ref.], year Characteristics of the population samples Prediction equations for V′O2max# Wasserman [11], 1999 The published equations were modified from:
Hansen et al. [10]
77 males, 34–74 years
Asbestos exposed workers with normal
cardiorespiratory function, California, USA
Bruce et al. [9]
138 males, 157 females, 29–73 years
General population, Washington, USAMen
(50.72−(0.372×Age))×Weight (units of mL·min−1)
Example¶: predicted value: 1.92 L·min−1; no LLN can be calculated
Women
(22.78−(0.17×Age))×(Weight+43) (units of mL·min−1)
Example¶: predicted value: 1.16 L·min−1; no LLN can be calculatedJones [8], 1985 50 males, 50 females, 15–71 years
Subjects recruited by advertising from the local university and general population, Ontario, Canada(0.046×Height)−(0.021×Age)−(0.62×Sex)−4.31 (units of L·min−1)
Sex: male=0; female=1
Men
Example¶: predicted: 2.09 L·min−1; LLN: 1.14 (55% pred)
Women
Example¶: predicted: 0.92 L·min−1; LLN: 0.15 (16% pred)Blackie [12], 1989 81 males, 47 females, 55–80 years
Subjects recruited locally by advertising from hospital and community centres, British Columbia, CanadaMen
(0.0142×Height)−(0.0494×Age)+(0.00257×Weight)+3.015
(units of L·min−1)
Example¶: predicted: 2.11 L·min−1; LLN: 1.25 (60% pred)
Women
(0.0142×Height)−(0.0115×Age)+(0.00974×Weight)−0.651 (units of L·min−1)
Example¶: predicted: 1.45 L·min−1; LLN: 0.90 (62% pred)Koch [17], 2009 Disease-free subjects, 253 males, 281 females, 25–80 years
Representative sample selected from the population registration offices in Pomerania, Germany47.7565–(0.988×Age)−(0.2356×Age²)−(8.8697×Sex)+(2.3597×BMI)
−(2.0308×Age×BMI)−(3.7405×Sex×BMI)+(0.2512×Age×Sex)
+(1.3797×Age×Sex×BMI) (units of L·kg−1·min−1)
With: Age >65 years=5; Sex male=1, female=2; BMI ≤25 kg·m−2=0, BMI >25 kg·m−2=1
Men
Example¶: predicted: 1.97 L·min−1; LLN: 1.43 (73% pred)
Women
Example¶: predicted: 1.35 L·min−1; LLN: 1.13 (84% pred)Hakola [13], 2011 Nondiseased subjects, 117 males, 112 females, 57–78 years Subjects randomly selected from the town of Kuopio, Finland Men
4.846−(0.039×Age) (units of L·min−1)
Example¶: predicted: 1.91 L·min−1; LLN: 1.12 (59% pred)
Women
3.475−(0.031×Age) (units of L·min−1)
Example¶: predicted: 1.32 L·min−1; LLN: 0.70 (53% pred)Exercise tests were performed using cycle ergometers. LLN: lower limit of normal; BMI: body mass index. #: for all equations, age is in years, height in cm and weight in kg; ¶: Predicted V′O2max and LLN (L·min−1) have been calculated for an illustrative individual (72 years-old; male: 80 kg and 172 cm; female: 67 kg and 160 cm).
- TABLE 2
Subjects' characteristics, spirometry and exercise test results
Men Women Subjects n 58 41 Age years 73.6±4.0 73.2±2.7 Weight kg 81.3±13.3 67.7±11.5 Height cm 172.2±0.1 159.5±0.1 Body mass index kg·m−2 28.0±3.6 26.2±3.6 Current smokers 5 (8.6) 0 (0) Former smokers 32 (55.0) 9 (21.9) Intense physical activity 13 (22.4) 6 (14.6) Moderate physical activity 31 (53.4) 27 (65.8) Sedentary 14 (24.2) 8 (19.6) FVC L 3.7±0.7 2.8±0.6 FVC % predicted 101.7±20.1 122.8±25.4 FEV1 L 2.7±0.6 2.2±0.4 FEV1 % pred 99.6±22.8 117.1±21.6 FEV1/FVC % 74.1±8.9 78.7±6.3 Oxygen uptake at rest L·min−1 0.30±0.07 0.23±0.06 Heart rate at rest beats·min−1 76±12 77±13 Ventilation at rest L 11.52±2.61 8.42±1.64 Maximal oxygen uptake L·min−1 1.88±0.41 1.26±0.24 mL·min−1·kg−1 23.05±5.47 18.94±4.00 Maximal workload W 127.33±36.66 84.20±18.29 Maximal heart rate beats·min−1 142±21 137±18 % pred# 87.2±13.0 85.8±10.6 Maximal ventilation L 72.77±18.31 49.50±13.22 % pred# 77.6±17.4 68.0±16.7 Maximal V′E/V′CO2 34.19±4.63 34.83±5.66 Maximal V′E/V′O2 38.38±7.37 39.40±6.91 Maximal respiratory exchange ratio 1.14±0.10 1.15±0.07 Data are presented as mean±sd or n (%), unless otherwise stated. The exercise test was performed on an electrically-braked cycle ergometer. FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; V′E: minute ventilation; V′CO2: carbon dioxide output; V′O2: oxygen uptake. #: predicted maximal ventilation was calculated as the subject's FEV1×35; predicted maximal heart rate was calculated as 210−0.65×(age) [7].
- TABLE 3
Comparison of measured maximal oxygen consumption (V′O2peak) versus predicted maximal oxygen consumption (V′O2max) according to prediction equations from five studies
Sample Prediction equation V′O2peak % predicted V′O2peak minus
V′O2max L·min−1Subjects with V′O2peak <LLN# 58 disease-free men,
>70 years oldWasserman et al. [11] 108±23 0.15 (−0.50–0.79) Jones et al. [8] 92±20 −0.18 (−0.87–0.52) 3 (5) Blackie et al. [12] 93±21 −0.16 (−0.85–0.54) 4 (7) Koch et al. [17] 89±20 −0.25 (−0.95 –0.45) 8 (14) Hakola et al. [13] 103±24 0.04 (−0.65–0.74) 3 (5) 41 disease-free women,
>70 years oldWasserman et al. [11] 117±20 0.19 (−0.17–0.55) Jones et al. [8] 164±103 0.35 (−0.19–0.88) 0 (0) Blackie et al. [12] 88±16 −0.19 (−0.59–0.22) 0 (0) Koch et al. [17] 90±17 −0.15 (−0.59–0.28) 9 (22) Hakola et al. [13] 98±18 −0.03 (−0.41–0.35) 0 (0) Data are presented as mean±sd, mean difference (90% CI) or n (%). LLN: lower limit of normal. #: Wasserman et al. [11] did not provide LLN.
