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Protected sampling is preferable in bronchoscopic studies of the airway microbiome

Rune Grønseth, Christine Drengenes, Harald G. Wiker, Solveig Tangedal, Yaxin Xue, Gunnar Reksten Husebø, Øistein Svanes, Sverre Lehmann, Marit Aardal, Tuyen Hoang, Tharmini Kalananthan, Einar Marius Hjellestad Martinsen, Elise Orvedal Leiten, Marianne Aanerud, Eli Nordeide, Ingvild Haaland, Inge Jonassen, Per Bakke, Tomas Eagan
ERJ Open Research 2017 3: 00019-2017; DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00019-2017
Rune Grønseth
1Dept of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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  • For correspondence: nielsenrune@me.com
Christine Drengenes
1Dept of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
2Dept of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Harald G. Wiker
2Dept of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
3Dept of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Solveig Tangedal
1Dept of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
2Dept of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Yaxin Xue
4Computational Biology Unit, Dept of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Gunnar Reksten Husebø
1Dept of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
2Dept of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Øistein Svanes
1Dept of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
2Dept of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Sverre Lehmann
1Dept of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
2Dept of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Marit Aardal
1Dept of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Tuyen Hoang
2Dept of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Tharmini Kalananthan
1Dept of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Einar Marius Hjellestad Martinsen
2Dept of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Elise Orvedal Leiten
2Dept of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Marianne Aanerud
1Dept of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Eli Nordeide
1Dept of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
2Dept of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Ingvild Haaland
1Dept of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
2Dept of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Inge Jonassen
4Computational Biology Unit, Dept of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Per Bakke
2Dept of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Tomas Eagan
1Dept of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
2Dept of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Figures

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  • FIGURE 1
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    FIGURE 1

    Mean taxonomic distribution at the phylum level, by sampling method, for all 125 individuals (unrarefied). OW: oral wash; SVL: small-volume lavage in the left upper lobe; BAL1: first fraction of protected bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from right middle lobe; BAL2: second fraction of protected BAL from right middle lobe; PSB: protected specimen brush from right lower lobe and left upper lobe. No legend for smallest phylae.

  • FIGURE 2
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    FIGURE 2

    Box-plot of alpha-diversity measured by wholetree phylogenetic differences grouped according to sampling method and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) status. Rarefied at 1000 sequences. OW: oral wash sample; SVL: small-volume lavage from left upper lobe; PBAL1: first fraction of protected bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL); PBAL2: second fraction of protected BAL; right PSB: protected specimen brush from right lower lobe; left PSB: protected specimen brush from left upper lobe.

  • FIGURE 3
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    FIGURE 3

    Principal coordinates analyses on unweighted UniFrac distance matrix comparing sampling methods in the MicroCOPD to oral wash samples. Rarefied at 1000 sequences. LUL: left upper lobe; BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage; RML: right middle lobe; RLL: right lower lobe.

Tables

  • Figures
  • Supplementary Materials
  • TABLE 1

    Characteristics of 125 subjects of the MicroCOPD study

    COPDAsthmaControl
    Subjects64358
    Males34 (53.1%)2 (67.7%)34 (58.6%)
    Current smokers15 (23.4%)016 (27.6%)
    Ex-smokers48 (75.0%)2 (67.7%)35 (60.3%)
    Never-smokers1 (1.6%)1 (33.3%)7 (12.1%)
    Smoking exposure pack-years28.49±16.0820.88±24.2222.83±18.55
    FEV1 % predicted56.83±16.3088.31±11.37100.71±11.00
    Age years68.73±7.2364.41±9.164.89±8.43
    Use of inhaled corticosteroids44 (68.8%)1 (33.3%)1 (1.7%)

    Data are presented as mean±sd unless otherwise stated. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s.

    Supplementary Materials

    • Figures
    • Tables
    • Supplementary Material

      Please note: supplementary material is not edited by the Editorial Office, and is uploaded as it has been supplied by the author.

      Supplementary material and methods 00019-2017_supp

      Illustration of protected bronchoalveolar lavage (PBAL) with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). 00019-2017_figureS1

      Illustration of protected specimen brush (PSB) sampling. 00019-2017_figureS2

      Box-plot of alpha-diversity measured by wholetree phylogenetic differences by which lung that was sampled first and right/left protected specimen brush (PSB). Rarefied at 1000 sequences. 00019-2017_figureS3

      Principal coordinates analyses of unweighted UniFrac distances by which lung that was sampled first (red dots â left side first, blue dots â right side first) in right protected specimen brushes (PSB) from the right lower lobe and left PSBs from the left upper lobe. Rarefied at 1000 sequences. 00019-2017_figureS4

    • Supplementary Material

      M. Aanerud 00019-2017_Aanerud

      P. Bakke 00019-2017_Bakke

      T. Eagan 00019-2017_Eagan

      R. Grønseth 00019-2017_Gronseth

      S. Lehmann 00019-2017_Lehmann

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    Protected sampling is preferable in bronchoscopic studies of the airway microbiome
    Rune Grønseth, Christine Drengenes, Harald G. Wiker, Solveig Tangedal, Yaxin Xue, Gunnar Reksten Husebø, Øistein Svanes, Sverre Lehmann, Marit Aardal, Tuyen Hoang, Tharmini Kalananthan, Einar Marius Hjellestad Martinsen, Elise Orvedal Leiten, Marianne Aanerud, Eli Nordeide, Ingvild Haaland, Inge Jonassen, Per Bakke, Tomas Eagan
    ERJ Open Research Jul 2017, 3 (3) 00019-2017; DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00019-2017

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    Protected sampling is preferable in bronchoscopic studies of the airway microbiome
    Rune Grønseth, Christine Drengenes, Harald G. Wiker, Solveig Tangedal, Yaxin Xue, Gunnar Reksten Husebø, Øistein Svanes, Sverre Lehmann, Marit Aardal, Tuyen Hoang, Tharmini Kalananthan, Einar Marius Hjellestad Martinsen, Elise Orvedal Leiten, Marianne Aanerud, Eli Nordeide, Ingvild Haaland, Inge Jonassen, Per Bakke, Tomas Eagan
    ERJ Open Research Jul 2017, 3 (3) 00019-2017; DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00019-2017
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