Figures
- FIGURE 1
Maximum fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) following eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea (EVH) challenge
- FIGURE 2
a) Exhaled nitric oxide fraction (FeNO) before and after 9 weeks of treatment; b) percentage change in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) following eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea (EVH) challenge before and after 9 weeks of treatment. Data are presented as mean and individual values. #: p<0.05 versus pre-treatment.
- FIGURE 3
Peak oxygen uptake (V′O2peak) before and following 9 weeks of treatment. EVH: eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Player characteristics and baseline respiratory assessment data for the 97 players who performed the baseline eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea (EVH) challenge
All players EVH+ EVH− p-value EVH+ versus EVH− Subjects 97 27 70 Age years 24±4 24±4 24±4 0.56 Height cm 182.6±6.8 183.0±6.7 182.5±6.9 0.77 Weight kg 80.3±7.2 80.7±6.3 80.2±7.5 0.73 FeNO ppb 21.0 (24.6) 36.0 (63.0) 18.8 (17.3) <0.01# FEV1 L 4.71±0.65 4.51±0.55 4.78±0.68 0.07 FVC L 5.67±0.76 5.68±0.64 5.67±0.81 0.95 PEF L·min−1 630.0 (135.0) 616.0 (102.0) 635.0 (148.8) 0.29# FEV1/FVC 82.7±6.8 79.3±8.0 84.1±5.8 0.01 MVV during EVH % predicted 77.68±11.76 83.07±10.88 75.54±11.48 <0.01 Fall FEV1 from EVH % −8 (5.5) −13 (10.0) −6 (4.0) <0.01# Data are presented as n, mean±sd or median (interquartile range), unless otherwise stated. FeNO: exhaled nitric oxide fraction; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; PEF: peak expiratory flow; MVV: maximal voluntary ventilation. #: data analysed using Mann–Whitney U-tests.
- TABLE 2
Respiratory symptoms reported by players
No symptoms ≥1 symptom Coughing Excessive mucus production Chest tightness Difficulty breathing Wheezing EVH+ 19 (70) 8 (30) 1 (4) 1 (4) 2 (7) 4 (15) 1 (4) EVH− 60 (89) 8 (11) 4 (6) 1 (1) 2 (3) 4 (6) 2 (3) p-value 0.06 0.06 1.00 0.50 0.32 0.22 1.00 Data are presented as n (%), unless otherwise stated. n=95; n=2 did not complete questionnaires. EVH: eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea.
- TABLE 3
Differences before and after treatment in eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea (EVH)+ players on medication
Pre-treatment Post-treatment p-value FeNO ppb 85.1±60.7 27.5±10.91 0.04 Baseline FEV1 L 4.41±0.55 4.25±0.32 0.23 MVV during EVH % predicted 85.29±13.61 87.81±13.58 0.38 Fall in FEV1 post-EVH % 14 (28.0) 8 (9.0) 0.02# Data are presented as mean±sd or median (interquartile range), unless otherwise stated. Bold type represents statistical significance. FeNO: exhaled nitric oxide; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; MVV: maximal voluntary ventilation. #: data analysed using sign exact tests.
