Figures
- FIGURE 1
Clustering of healthcare workers (HCWs) and patterns of transmission.
- FIGURE 2
a) IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and b) spoligotyping patterns of a multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) cluster. Identical IS6110 RFLP and spoligotyping patterns of the isolates of 11 MDR-TB cluster members. Two male prostitutes (strain no. 8210/12 and no. 9167/12) each infected one healthcare worker (strain no. 2090/14 and 10392/14) in a facility for street sex workers.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Univariate analysis of risk factors for patients belonging to IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism clusters
Non-cluster group Cluster group All patients p-value Patients 1475 918 2393 Age years 47.3±19.5 37.6±16.5 45.9±19.4 <0.001 AIDS 110 (7.5) 65 (7.1) 175 (7.3) ns Resistance to any drug 165 (11.2) 79 (8.6) 244 (10.2) 0.04 Beijing genotype 99 (6.7) 61 (6.6) 160 (6.7) ns Foreign-born 987 (66.9) 422 (46.0) 1409 (58.9) <0.001 Male/female 851/624 (57.7/42.3) 619/299 (67.4/32.6) 1470/923 (61.4/38.6) <0.001 Drug abuse 36 (2.4) 90 (9.8) 126 (5.3) <0.001 Alcohol abuse 121 (8.2) 313 (34.1) 434 (18.1) <0.001 Homelessness 93 (6.3) 124 (13.5) 217 (9.1) <0.001 Sputum smear positivity 474 (32.1) 447 (48.7) 921 (38.5) 0.001 Previous history of TB 165 (11.2) 98 (10.7) 263 (11.0) ns Unemployment 371 (25.2) 427 (46.5) 798 (33.3) <0.001 Healthcare worker 26 (1.8) 29 (3.2) 55 (2.3) 0.027 Data are presented as n, mean±sd or n (%), unless otherwise stated. % refers to the total number of tuberculosis (TB) patients in the non-cluster or cluster group. ns: nonsignificant.
- TABLE 2
Results of multiple logistic regression of risk factors for epidemiologically confirmed transmission in tuberculosis cluster patients
Odds ratio (95% CI) p-value Healthcare worker 3.07 (1.59–5.92) 0.001 Alcohol abuse 2.30 (1.66–3.18) <0.001 Sputum smear positivity 1.79 (1.39–2.32) <0.001 Drug addiction (i.v.) 1.12 (0.71–1.78) 0.62 Unemployment 1.18 (0.88–1.60) 0.27 Male 1.23 (0.92–1.65) 0.16 Any drug resistance 0.86 (0.55–1.36) 0.52 Homelessness 0.995 (0.64–1.42) 0.98 Age 0.96 (0.95–0.97) <0.001 Foreign born 0.36 (0.27–0.48) <0.001 - TABLE 3
Examples of clusters “imported” to Hamburg
Age years Sex Organ Country of birth Date of diagnosis Latency to diagnosis of TB
disease after immigrationA 48 Male TB of cervical lymph nodes Turkey February 7, 1998 26 weeks 66 Male Sputum smear-positive culture-
confirmed TBTurkey Feburary 26, 1998 20 weeks B 23 Male Sputum smear-negative culture-
confirmed TBTurkey September 14, 1998 2 days 39 Female Sputum smear-negative culture-
confirmed TBTurkey February 4, 1999 4 weeks C 4 Male Sputum smear-negative culture-
confirmed TBAfghanistan May 7, 1997 1 day 18 Female Urogenital TB Afghanistan June 7, 1999 2 weeks D 40 Male Sputum smear-negative culture-
confirmed TBAfghanistan January 27, 1998 2 weeks 59 Female TB of cervical lymph nodes Afghanistan March 9, 1999 150 weeks E 37 Male Sputum smear-positive culture-
confirmed TBRomania April 23, 2007 0 weeks (diagnosis at entry) 21 Male Sputum smear-positive culture-
confirmed TBRomania July 28, 2011 31 weeks TB: tuberculosis.
