Abstract
Patient age at diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension is steadily increasing. The present study sought to analyse clinical characteristics, time to diagnosis and prognosis of pulmonary hypertension in elderly and very elderly patients.
A study was conducted in a French regional referral centre for pulmonary hypertension. All consecutive patients diagnosed with pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension were included and categorised according to age: <65 years (“young”), 65–74 years (“elderly”) and ≥75 years (“very elderly”).
Over a 4-year period, 248 patients were included: 101 (40.7%) were young, 82 (33.1%) were elderly and 65 (26.2%) were very elderly. The median age at diagnosis among the total population was 68 years. Compared with young patients, elderly and very elderly patients had a longer time to diagnosis (7±48, 9±21 and 16±32 months, respectively; p<0.001). Patients ≥75 years also more often had group 4 pulmonary hypertension. The median overall survival was 46±1.4 months, but was only 37±4.9 months in elderly patients and 28±4.7 months in very elderly patients. Survival from the first symptoms and survival adjusted to comorbidity was similar across age groups.
Patient age should be taken into account when diagnosing pulmonary hypertension as it is associated with a specific clinical profile and a worse prognosis. The difference in prognosis is likely to be related to a delay in diagnosis and a greater number of comorbidities.
Abstract
More than a quarter of patients diagnosed with pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension are older than 75 years; they have a poorer prognosis, likely related to a longer delay in diagnosis and a higher burden of comorbidities http://ow.ly/87FQ30m0WM7
Introduction
Available demographic data for pulmonary hypertension come from national registries and focus on patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) [1–7]. Scarce data are available in patients of all pulmonary hypertension subgroups [8].
The first registry published in 1987 reported a mean age of 36 years at diagnosis [1]; it is currently between 50 and 65 years [2–9]. In most published data, elderly patients (≥65 years) with pulmonary hypertension exhibit specific clinical, aetiological and haemodynamic features [4–11]. Prognosis also seems to be worse in those ≥65 years of age [6]. In clinical practice, specific management issues usually arise in patients ≥75 years of age. The geriatric population more often has atypical clinical presentations, more comorbidities and the need for therapeutic adjustments. Although they represent an increasing proportion of patients, there are no data available for very elderly patients (≥75 years).
Here, we present long-term survival data from patients with different pulmonary hypertension subtypes. We compared clinical characteristics, haemodynamic profiles and long-term survival of young (<65 years), elderly (65–74 years) and very elderly (≥75 years) patients. We also assessed the impact of age and time to diagnosis on their long-term survival.
Patients and methods
Data from a pulmonary hypertension regional centre cohort (Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Louis Pradel Hospital, Lyon, France) were analysed. All consecutive patients referred to our centre for an initial assessment of pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension were included if data from right heart catheterisation at diagnosis showed mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) ≥25 mmHg, pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) >3 Wood Units and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAWP) ≤15 mmHg. Patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with respiratory disease were included if pulmonary hypertension was severe: mPAP at time of diagnosis >35 mmHg or cardiac index <2.5 L·min−1·m−2 [12, 13].
Elderly patients were defined as those aged ≥65 years, in accordance with the threshold defined by the World Health Organization and used in earlier publications [6, 9–11]. We chose a second threshold of ≥75 years to define very elderly patients because it is the age used in France for admission to geriatric institutions [14]. Patients were thus divided into three groups according to their age at diagnosis: “young” patients were those aged <65 years, “elderly” patients were those aged 65–74 years, and “very elderly” patients were those aged ≥75 years. Data were extracted from the electronic medical records of patients and from the national pulmonary hypertension register (for the Lyon centre), including all demographic, clinical, functional and haemodynamic characteristics. Diagnosis delay was defined as the time from onset of symptoms (usually dyspnoea) to the date of initial haemodynamic evaluation.
Categorical variables were described by frequency (number) and percentage. Quantitative variables were expressed as median and standard deviation. The assumption of normality of the distribution of quantitative variables was verified using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and verified graphically using a histogram. Categorical variables were compared by the Chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test, when the conditions for using the Chi-squared test were not met. Quantitative variables were compared between groups using the t-test, after verifying the equality of variances, when the distribution was normal, and the nonparametric Wilcoxon test (when it was less than three groups) or Kruskal–Wallis test (for comparison groups of three or more groups), when the distribution was not normal.
For survival analysis, time to the event was that between diagnosis and date of last known status or death (all cause). Overall survival between groups was compared by the Kaplan–Meier test and survival curves were produced using the log-rank test. The proportionality assumption of risk was verified; prognostic factors for death were determined using the Cox semiparametric model, initially using a univariate model, and then with a multivariate model that included the significant variables in the univariate analysis and relevant adjustment variables. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics version 20 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
Over a 4-year period, 411 patients were referred to our department for an initial evaluation. 248 patients met the inclusion criteria (figure 1). 48 of these patients had no invasive re-evaluation and were therefore not included in the survival analyses.
The median±sd age at diagnosis was 68±13.7 years; 33.1% (n=82) were elderly (median±sd age 70±2.8 years) and 26.2% (n=65) were very elderly (median±sd age 79±3.7 years) (table 1).
Clinical and functional characteristics
There was a significant relationship between age and pulmonary hypertension aetiology (p<0.001). PAH (group 1) was diagnosed in 45.6% of patients and was the most common type of pulmonary hypertension in young patients (55.4%). The elderly and very elderly patients more often had pulmonary hypertension associated with respiratory disease than young patients (group 3: 43.9% of elderly patients and 35.4% of very elderly patients). In very elderly patients, nearly a quarter (24.6%) had chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (group 4). Age was associated with a lower baseline 6-min walk distance (6MWD) (p<0.001), but the oldest patients were as often in functional class III or IV (New York Heart Association) as their younger counterparts (p=0.205). Very elderly patients had a higher prevalence of comorbidities: systemic arterial hypertension (p<0.001), coronary artery disease (p=0.05) and cardiac arrhythmias (p<0.001). The mean of the Charlson Comorbidity Index score increased according to age group (p<0.001) (tables 1 and 2).
Selection of patients: 248 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension were included in the study. PAWP: pulmonary arterial wedge pressure; mPAP: mean pulmonary arterial pressure; CI: cardiac index; CTD: connective tissue disease; POPH: portopulmonary hypertension; CHD: congenital heart disease; PVOD: pulmonary veno-occlusive disease; ILD: interstitial lung disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPFE: combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema.
Clinical and functional characteristics of patients at initial assessment
Major comorbidities
Delay to diagnosis
Very elderly patients had a longer delay in access to a regional referral centre for pulmonary hypertension than elderly and young patients. The mean±sd time to diagnosis was 7±48, 9±21 and 16±32 months, respectively, for young, elderly and very elderly patients (p=0.001) (table 1).
Pulmonary haemodynamic features
At the time of evaluation at a referral centre for pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary arterial pressure (systolic, mean and diastolic) and PVR were lower in elderly and very elderly patients than in young patients. PAWP was similar among age groups (p=0.755). The diastolic pressure gradient significantly decreased with age, but remained >7 mmHg in 241 out of 248 patients. We unexpectedly found that age (≥75 years) was associated with a lower cardiac index (p=0.004) (table 3).
Initial haemodynamic data
Initial therapeutic management
85.1% of the patients had been treated. 37 patients (14.9%) had not been treated because either they had a thromboendarterectomy (n=12) or because they had too many comorbidities (n=25).
The choice of the medications and their combinations differed between age groups (p=0.010). Younger patients more often received endothelin receptor antagonists, epoprostenol and combined therapies than older patients (table 4). This difference in therapeutic management probably contributed to the difference in outcomes among the age groups.
Long-term survival
Overall 1-, 2- and 3-year survival was 81%, 71% and 57%, respectively. Survival differed significantly between age groups. Survival of very elderly patients was only 65%, 59% and 40% at 1, 2 and 3 years (p<0.001) (figure 2a). The median survival was not reached in young patients and decreased with age in the two groups of older patients (elderly 37±4.9 months and very elderly 28±4.7 months; p<0.001).
When survival was considered from the date of the first symptoms or was adjusted to the Charlson Comorbidity Index score, no differences were found between age groups (p=0.237 and p=0.343, respectively) (figure 2b and c).
Risk factors for death
According to univariate analysis, male sex, aetiological group 3 pulmonary hypertension, a 6MWD <210 m and a history of COPD, stroke or cognitive disorders were associated with higher mortality in very elderly patients.
Initial therapeutic management
Kaplan–Meier curves of long-term survival in young (<65 years), elderly (65–74 years) and very elderly (≥75 years) patients with pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension. a) Observed survival difference was statistically significant between age groups (p<0.001). The table presents observed survival at 12, 24 and 36 months (n (%)), and number of deaths by age group. b) Observed survival difference from the first symptoms was not statistically significant between age groups (p=0.237). c) Observed survival difference after adjustment with the Charlson Comorbidity Index score was also not statistically significant between age groups (p=0.064).
Discussion
The overall long-term survival (57% at 3 years) was lower in patients in our study than observed in previous registries [2–8]. This finding could be explained by the significant number of very elderly patients included. Over half of patients diagnosed with a pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension were aged ≥65 years and a quarter where even aged ≥75 years. This poorer prognosis could also be explained by a high prevalence of patients with group 3 pulmonary hypertension, who are known to have a worse prognosis [12].
Unlike most previous reports, the present study included patients in all pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension subgroups. There were more patients with pulmonary hypertension due to chronic respiratory disease (group 3 pulmonary hypertension) or chronic thromboembolic disease (group 4 pulmonary hypertension) in the “elderly” and “very elderly” groups than in the “young” group. Nearly a quarter of very elderly patients had chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, which is likely to be explained by the increase in the incidence of pulmonary embolism with age (1.3 per 1000 habitants per year between 65 and 69 years; up to 2.8 per 1000 habitants per year between 85 and 89 years) [15].
We have shown that pulmonary hypertension is often initially misdiagnosed in very elderly patients, who were probably diagnosed at a later stage of the disease. The cardiac index has usually been reported to be age independent [2, 4, 6, 10, 11]. In this study, mean cardiac output and cardiac index values were lower in very elderly compared with younger patients. We should therefore wonder if this impaired ventricular function had contributed to a worse outcome in very elderly patients.
The significantly delayed access to a referral centre for pulmonary hypertension, which partly explained their poorer prognosis, is not the single cause of excess mortality in elderly and very elderly patients. This study was an overall survival analysis including all-cause mortality and did not find significant differences in the causes of death according to age. However, the weight of comorbidities seemed to be predominant in the survival of elderly patients. Associated lung disease and cardiovascular comorbidities were more frequent in elderly patients, and might be a leading cause of death. The Charlson Comorbidity Index, used to assess the competitive comorbidities, correlates with patient survival and has been approved for the treatment of geriatric patients [16–18]. After adjusting on the Charlson Comorbidity Index, survival was comparable across the three age groups. Moreover, in patients aged ≥75 years, only a history of COPD and stroke were independent predictors of mortality.
There were several limitations to our study. First, the analysis was retrospective, but most of the data were nevertheless collected prospectively in a national registry at the time of each hospitalisation. It was a single-centre study, but included a relatively large cohort of patients all seen in a tertiary referral department for pulmonary vascular diseases. The study population was heterogeneous due to the inclusion of all pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension causes and was therefore representative of the population seen in clinical practice. Finally, being those with the most severe comorbidities or cognitive problems, very elderly patients may not have been referred for evaluation.
Conclusions
More than a quarter of patients diagnosed with pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension are aged ≥75 years. The age of the patients should be taken into account in diagnosing pulmonary hypertension, as it is associated with a specific clinical profile: a longer time to diagnosis and therefore a delayed access to a referral centre for pulmonary hypertension, a high proportion of group 3 and 4 pulmonary hypertension, a higher rate of comorbidities, and lower cardiac index. The long-term survival is worse for elderly and very elderly patients than for their younger counterparts. This difference is likely to be related to a longer delay in diagnosis and a higher burden of comorbidities.
Footnotes
Conflict of interest: M. Ginoux has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: S. Turquier has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: N. Chebib has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: J.C. Glerant has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: J. Traclet has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: F. Philit has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: A. Sénéchal has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: J.F. Mornex reports receiving consulting fees and research grants from LFB Biomédicaments, CSL Behring, and travel and meeting support and lecture fees from Actelion, Pierre Fabre, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer, GSK, Chiesi, Novartis, Almirall, MSD and Bioprojet, outside the submitted work.
Conflict of interest: V. Cottin reports personal fees from Actelion, Bayer, Biogen Idec, Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead, GSK, Intermune, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, and grants from Actelion, Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK, Pfizer and Roche, outside the submitted work.
- Received June 29, 2018.
- Accepted September 12, 2018.
- Copyright ©ERS 2018
This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licence 4.0.
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