Figures
- FIGURE 1
Biomarker levels at hospital admission, clinical stabilisation and 6-week follow-up in 267 hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia. a) White blood cells; b) C-reactive protein; c) procalcitonin; d) calprotectin; e) pentraxin 3; f) presepsin. *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001. Two-group comparison performed with Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
- FIGURE 2
Biomarker levels at hospital admission stratified by microbial aetiology in 267 hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Data are presented as medians with interquartile ranges. Multiple group comparison performed with Kruskal–Wallis test and two-group comparison performed with Mann–Whitney test. Patients with unknown aetiology were excluded from statistical analysis. a) White blood cells; b) pentraxin 3; c) presepsin; d) C-reactive protein; e) procalcitonin; f) calprotectin.
- FIGURE 3
Receiver operating characteristic curves for biomarkers and CURB-65 severity score (confusion, urea >7 mmol·L−1, respiratory rate ≥30 breaths·min−1, blood pressure <90 mmHg (systolic) or ≤60 mmHg (diastolic), age ≥65 years) at hospital admission for prediction of an adverse short-term outcome. a) Procalcitonin; b) pentraxin 3; c) presepsin. AUC: area under the curve.
- FIGURE 4
Kaplan–Meier plots of biomarkers at 6-week follow-up and associations with 5-year all-cause mortality, stratified by quartiles of a) calprotectin (p<0.001 by the log-rank test) and b) white blood cell count (p<0.001). Q: quartile.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Microbial findings in 267 hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia
Bacterial pathogens Patients with positive findings Viral pathogens Patients with positive findings Streptococcus pneumoniae 81 (30%) Influenza viruses§ 40 (15%) Bordetella pertussis 15 (6%) Rhinovirus 32 (12%) Haemophilus influenzae 14 (5%) Parainfluenza virusesƒ 8 (3%) Mycoplasma pneumoniae 10 (4%) Respiratory syncytial virus 7 (3%) Chlamydophila pneumoniae 7 (3%) Metapneumovirus 7 (3%) Legionella pneumophila 7 (3%) Enterovirus 5 (2%) Enterobacteriaceae# 6 (2%) Adenovirus 1 (0.4%) Moraxella catarrhalis 5 (2%) Miscellaneous¶ 3 (1%) Haemophilus parainfluenzae 2 (1%) Total+ 126 (47%) Total+ 92 (34%) #: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Enterobacter spp.; ¶: group A Streptococcus, Prevotella spp. or Dialister pneumosintes; +: number of patients does not sum to number of pathogens because some patients had multiple pathogens detected; §: influenza A and B viruses; ƒ: parainfluenza virus types 1–3.
- TABLE 2
Logistic regression analysis and diagnostic accuracy of biomarker levels at hospital admission for prediction of bacterial aetiology in 267 hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia
Biomarker Univariate analysis Area under the curve OR (95% CI) p-value AUC (95% CI) p-value CRP 1.90 (1.16–3.12) 0.011 0.66 (0.56–0.75) 0.003 PCT 1.44 (1.15–1.81) 0.002 0.67 (0.58–0.77) 0.001 Calprotectin 2.15 (1.05–4.41) 0.036 0.63 (0.52–0.73) 0.022 CRP: C-reactive protein; PCT: procalcitonin.
- TABLE 3
Logistic regression analysis of biomarker levels at hospital admission and associations to adverse short-term outcome in 267 hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia
Biomarker Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis# OR (95% CI) p-value OR (95% CI) p-value PCT 1.40 (1.16–1.69) 0.001 1.29 (1.06–1.58) 0.012 PTX3 2.46 (1.49–4.06) <0.001 1.88 (1.11–3.19) 0.018 Presepsin 1.40 (1.12–1.74) 0.003 1.32 (1.04–1.67) 0.022 PCT: procalcitonin; PTX3: pentraxin 3. #: adjusted for the CURB-65 severity score (confusion, urea >7 mmol·L−1, respiratory rate ≥30 breaths·min−1, blood pressure <90 mmHg (systolic) or ≤60 mmHg (diastolic), age ≥65 years).
- TABLE 4
Cox regression analysis of biomarker levels at the 6-week follow-up and associations to 5-year all-cause mortality in 267 hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia
Biomarker Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis# HR (95% CI) p-value HR (95% CI) p-value WBCs 4.74 (1.89–11.87) 0.001 2.81 (1.06–7.44) 0.037 CRP 1.67 (1.34–2.08) <0.001 1.29 (0.99–1.67) 0.055 PCT 2.82 (1.71–4.63) 0.001 1.73 (0.97–3.09) 0.063 Calprotectin 2.56 (1.62–4.04) <0.001 2.18 (1.27–3.74) 0.005 PTX3 2.31 (1.49–3.59) <0.001 1.26 (0.83–1.92) 0.282 HR: hazard ratio; WBC: white blood cell; CRP: C-reactive protein; PCT: procalcitonin; PTX3: pentraxin 3. #: adjusted for age, heart failure, active malignant disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and renal disease.
Supplementary Material
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Supplementary material 00014-2019.Supplement
