Prevalence and significance of sleep disordered breathing in adolescent athletes

Yoshitaka Iso; Hitomi Kitai; Etsushi Kyuno; Fumiyoshi Tsunoda; Naoya Nishinaka; Masahiko Funato; Eiichi Nishimura; Shuichi Akihiro; Hiroyuki Tanuma; Toru Yonechi; Eiichi Geshi; Takeyuki Sambe; Hiroshi Suzuki

doi:10.1183/23120541.00029-2019

Tables

TABLE 1

Demographics and cardiopulmonary evaluation of athletes with and without sleep disordered breathing (SDB)

	All	Non-SDB	SDB	p-value
Position played forwards:backs	18:24	8:16	10:8	0.15
Height cm	174.2±6.5	173.8±5.9	174.7±7.3	0.67
Weight kg	84.1±13.8	84.0±11.8	84.1±16.5	0.99
Body mass index kg·m⁻²	27.7±4.0	27.8±3.2	27.5±5.0	0.85
BSA m²	2.0±0.2	2.0±0.2	2.0±0.2	0.99
Neck circumference cm	42.1±2.5	42.2±1.8	42.0±3.2	0.73
Muscle weight, trunk kg	29.3±3.5	29.3±3.4	29.3±3.8	0.98
Muscle weight, limb kg	28.6±4.1	28.8±3.8	28.3±4.6	0.70
% Body fat	20.3±7.9	20.9±7.6	19.5±8.4	0.59
Epworth sleepiness scale	9.0±4.0	8.3±3.3	9.9±4.7	0.19
WatchPAT data
AHI	5.4±4.4	2.5±1.3	9.4±3.9	<0.0001
ODI	2.1±2.2	0.9±0.8	3.6±2.5	<0.0001
Mean oxygen saturation %	96.5±0.6	96.6±0.7	96.4±0.5	0.37
Minimum oxygen saturation %	90.8±3.6	91.9±2.6	89.2±4.2	0.02
Mean heart rate beats·min⁻¹	54.3±5.2	52.4±5.5	56.7±3.6	<0.01
Echocardiography
LVEF %	65.5±4.7	66.0±4.7	64.9±4.9	0.50
LVEDV mL	152.2±26.1	151.9±27.7	152.6±24.7	0.93
LVEDV/BSA	75.2±10.3	75.1±10.7	75.3±10.2	0.96
LVESV mL	53.6±10.6	52.1±9.9	55.5±11.4	0.30
LVESV/BSA	26.6±5.0	25.8±4.3	27.5±5.8	0.29
Stroke volume mL	98.8±19.5	100.1±21.6	97.2±17.0	0.65
Stroke volume/BSA	48.7±7.7	49.4±8.7	47.8±6.3	0.52
LVDd mm	52.8±3.1	53.1±2.6	52.4±3.8	0.48
LVDd/BSA	26.1±1.9	26.3±1.6	26.0±2.2	0.61
IVS mm	10.0±0.8	9.9±0.8	10.2±0.9	0.28
PWT mm	9.8±0.8	9.8±0.7	9.9±0.8	0.64
LVM g	197.9±30.4	197.7±25.4	198.1±36.9	0.96
LVMI	98.1±13.5	98.4±12.9	97.7±14.7	0.88
LAD mm	36.2±4.0	36.6±4.3	35.6±3.6	0.40
LAVI	29.9±6.0	30.6±6.3	28.8±5.6	0.35
Right atrial area mm²	19.2±3.1	19.4±3.2	18.9±3.0	0.61
Aortic diameter mm	30.5±2.3	30.4±2.4	30.6±2.1	0.80
E/e′	6.4±1.4	6.3±1.6	6.6±1.0	0.48
CPET
Rest heart rate beats·min⁻¹	72.5±7.4	70.4±7.2	75.0±7.0	0.05
Peak heart rate beats·min⁻¹	164.9±16.7	162.4±17.1	167.8±16.1	0.32
Rest SBP mmHg	127.3±17.0	128.5±17.7	125.8±16.4	0.63
Peak SBP mmHg	199.7±23.0	196.2±20.6	203.8±25.4	0.31
RMR mL·min⁻¹·kg⁻¹	4.1±0.6	4.3±0.5	4.0±0.6	0.20
Peak oxygen uptake mL·min⁻¹·kg⁻¹	36.9±6.9	36.6±6.3	37.2±7.7	0.81
24-h Holter ECG^#
Mean heart rate beats·min⁻¹	67.4±5.8	66.3±5.5	68.5±6.1	0.24
Maximum heart rate beats·min⁻¹	135.3±13.8	136.7±16.4	133.2±9.0	0.43
Minimum heart rate beats·min⁻¹	36.1±4.2	36.3±3.9	35.8±4.7	0.71
PVCs on Holter
Counts n (%)				0.02
0	21 (51.2%)	12 (50%)	9 (52.9%)
1–99	16 (39.0%)	12 (50%)	4 (23.5%)
≥100	4 (9.8%)	0 (0%)	4 (23.5%)
Run n (%)				1.00
2 run	2 (4.9%)	1 (4.2%)	1 (5.9%)
3–4 run	1 (2.4%)	1 (4.2%)	0 (0%)

Data are presented as mean±sd, unless otherwise stated. Total subjects=42, 24 in the non-SDB group and 18 in the SDB. BSA: body surface area; AHI: apnoea–hypopnoea index; ODI: oxygen desaturation index; LV: left ventricle; EF: ejection fraction; EDV: end-diastolic volume; ESV: end-systolic volume; Dd: end-diastolic diameter; LVM: left ventricular mass; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; IVS: end-diastolic interventricular septum thickness; PWT: end-diastolic posterior wall thickness; LAD: left atrial diameter; LAVI: left atrial volume index; E wave: early diastolic filling velocity: e′: early diastolic velocity; CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise testing; SBP: systolic blood pressure; RMR: resting metabolic rate; PVC: premature ventricular complex. ^#: number of SDB athletes was 17 because one athlete in the SDB group had a recording error.