Figures
- FIGURE 1
Correlation plots for eNose sensor values: breath sensor values plotted against extracorporeal membrane oxygenation sensor values for a) sensor 1, b) sensor 2, c) sensor 3 and d) sensor 4. Each colour represents a different patient. The black line represents the correlation between the two measurement sites.
- FIGURE 2
Correlation between the concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath and in air coming from the extracorporeal circulation. The y-axis shows the retention time of the VOCs. The y-axis shows the correlation coefficient between the concentration of VOCs in breath and in air coming from the extracorporeal circulation. 1: acetone; 2: isoprene; 3: 2-propanol, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-; 4: 1-propanol; 5: pentane, 3-methyl-; 6: pentane, 2,4-dimethyl-; 7: furan, 2-methyl; 8: ethyl acetate; 9: 2,4-hexadiyne; 10: 1-pentene, 2,4,4-trimethyl-; 11: unknown; 12: unknown; 13: unknown; 14: unknown; 15: benzene, chloro-; 16: 3-hexanone, 2-methyl-; 17: 2-propanol, 1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-; 18: unknown; 19: pentane, 2,2,3-trimethyl-; 20: unknown; 21: d-limonene; 22: unknown; 23: undecane; 24: unknown; 25: unknown; 26: unknown; 27: unknown; 28: unknown; 29: propofol.
- FIGURE 3
Fold change between exhaled breath concentration and extracorporeal air concentration, and the correlation coefficient between the two measurement sites. ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; VOC: volatile organic compound. The x-axis shows the correlation coefficient between VOCs in breath and in air coming from the extracorporeal circulation. The y-axis shows the fold change in VOC abundance between the two measurement sites.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Patient characteristics
Patients 10 Age years 56 (51–65) Male 4 (40) Caucasian 10 (100) Diagnosis ARDS 6 (60) Hypercapnia 2 (20) Cardiogenic shock 1 (10) Pulmonary embolism 1 (10) Type of extracorporeal circulation ECMO 8 (80) Oxygen flow rate L·min−1 62.4±1.3 ECCO2R 2 (20) Oxygen flow rate L·min−1 5.2±1.3 Respiratory variables Minute ventilation L·min−1 8.0±2.9 Tidal volume mL 412±158 PEEP cmH2O 11±4.5 ICU LOS days 36 (35–57) Duration of eNose monitoring h 73 (72–113) Data are presented as median (interquartile range), n (%) or mean±sd. ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ECCO2R: extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal; PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure; ICU: intensive care unit; LOS: length of stay.
- TABLE 2
Additional pressure in front of the membrane when the eNose is connected to the membrane gas outlet
Membrane# In-membrane pressure mmHg Additional pressure cmH2O Maquet 60 −0.56 (−2.00–0.33) 120 −0.18 (−3.00–1.33) 150 0.07 (−1.33–1.00) Medos 60 −0.04 (−0.67–0.33) 120 −0.02 (−1.00–0.67) 150 0.04 (−0.33–0.33) Novalung 60 −0.11 (−1.33–0.00) 120 −0.31 (−1.33–0.00) 150 −0.04 (−0.67–0.33) Sorin 60 −0.04 (−0.67–0.00) 120 −0.16 (−1.00–0.33) 150 0.00 (0.00–0.00) Data for additional pressure are presented as mean (range). #: see main text for details of membranes.
- TABLE 3
Volatile organic compounds showing a significant correlation (r) between the external outlet of the membrane and the outlet of the tube of the ventilator
Retention time min r p-value Proportion breath/ECMO Identity Presumed source 2.32 0.56 0.0018 0.61 Acetone Endogenous 2.47 0.37 0.0472 0.55 Isoprene Endogenous 2.78 0.84 0.0000 0.99 2-Propanol, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro- Anaesthetic 3.22 0.38 0.0395 1.26 1-Propanol Exogenous 3.50 0.45 0.0139 0.4 Pentane, 3-methyl- Endogenous? 3.80 0.41 0.0255 1 Pentane, 2,4-dimethyl- Endogenous? 4.20 0.48 0.0090 0.80 Furan, 2-methyl Exogenous 4.22 0.53 0.0029 0.54 Ethyl acetate Endogenous 5.78 0.43 0.0197 0.99 2,4-Hexadiyne Exogenous 7.33 0.89 0.0000 1 1-Pentene, 2,4,4-trimethyl- Exogenous 8.85 0.82 0.0000 1.18 Unknown 9.72 0.38 0.0431 1.27 Unknown 9.83 0.79 0.0000 1.19 Unknown 11.40 0.62 0.0004 0.89 Unknown 11.47 0.67 0.0001 0.83 Benzene, chloro- Exogenous 11.95 0.68 0.0000 0.41 3-Hexanone, 2-methyl- Endogenous? 14.47 0.56 0.0015 0.83 2-Propanol, 1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl- Exogenous 14.47 0.70 0.0000 0.99 Unknown 14.88 0.41 0.0286 0.62 Pentane, 2,2,3-trimethyl- 15.23 −0.44 0.0161 6.35 Unknown 15.55 0.73 0.0000 1.22 d-Limonene Exogenous 17.07 0.60 0.0006 0.90 Unknown 18.55 0.67 0.0001 0.66 Undecane Endogenous? 19.03 0.62 0.0003 0.84 Unknown 19.53 0.76 0.0000 0.82 Unknown 20.65 0.86 0.0000 0.77 Unknown 21.10 0.75 0.0000 0.88 Unknown 21.22 0.60 0.0005 0.94 Unknown 21.32 0.40 0.0299 0.18 Propofol Anaesthetic ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Supplementary Material
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Supplementary material 00134-2018.supp
