Subjective swallowing symptoms and related risk factors in COPD

Margareta Gonzalez Lindh; Andrei Malinovschi; Eva Brandén; Christer Janson; Björn Ställberg; Kristina Bröms; Monica Blom Johansson; Karin Lisspers; Hirsh Koyi

doi:10.1183/23120541.00081-2019

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FIGURE 1
Participants with and without subjective swallowing symptoms according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2017 classification.
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FIGURE 2
Participants with and without subjective swallowing problems according to modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) and COPD Assessment Test (CAT) classification. Darker shading in the bar graph indicates swallowing problems.

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TABLE 1

Characteristics of the study population

Characteristics	Total	Subjective swallowing symptoms	No swallowing symptoms
Subjects	571	186 (33%)	385 (67%)
Sex
Female	335	112 (33%)	223 (67%)
Male	236	74 (31%)	162 (69%)
Age years	68.6±7.6	68.9±7.8	68.4±7.6
GOLD spirometric stage
Stage 1, FEV₁ ≥80% predicted	57	22 (39%)	35 (61%)
Stage 2, FEV₁ 50–<80% predicted	314	96 (31%)	218 (69%)
Stage 3, FEV₁ 30–<50% predicted	155	56 (36%)	99 (64%)
Stage 4, FEV₁ <30% predicted	45	12 (27%)	33 (73%)
GOLD 2017
Group A	188	40 (21%)	148 (79%)
Group B	244	98 (40%)	146 (60%)
Group C	29	3 (10%)	26 (90%)
Group D	110	45 (41%)	65 (59%)
Spirometry
FEV₁ % predicted	56.6±17.8	57.0±18.3	56.3±17.6
FEV₁ L	2.9±0.91	2.81±0.85	3.0±0.93
Smoking status
Current smoker	165	42 (26%)	123 (74%)
Former smoker	395	140 (35%)	255 (65%)
Never-smoker	9	2 (22%)	7 (78%)
Weight
Stable	377	108 (29%)	269 (71%)
Weight gain	111	43 (39%)	68 (61%)
Weight loss	80	34 (42%)	46 (58%)
BMI kg·m⁻²	26.8±5.1	28.1±5.6	26.2±4.6
Underweight, BMI <18.5 kg·m⁻²	25	6 (24%)	19 (76%)
Normal weight, BMI 18.5–24.9 kg·m⁻²	199	54 (27%)	145 (73%)
Overweight, BMI 25–29.9 kg·m⁻²	207	61 (29%)	146 (71%)
Obese, BMI ≥30 kg·m⁻²	137	65 (47%)	72 (53%)
Comorbidities
Stroke/TIA	50	20 (40%)	30 (60%)
Obstructive sleep apnoea	60	27 (45%)	33 (55%)
Rheumatoid arthritis	65	24 (37%)	41 (63%)
Asthma	189	72 (38%)	117 (62%)
Chronic bronchitis	193	80 (41%)	113 (59%)
Heart disease	114	49 (43%)	65 (57%)
Symptom burden
Dyspnoea, mMRC score ≥2	252	116 (46%)	136 (54%)
Health-related QoL, CAT score ≥10	354	143 (40%)	210 (60%)
Exacerbations
≤1 during previous year	432	138 (32%)	294 (68%)
>1 or hospital admission	139	48 (35%)	91 (65%)

Data are presented as mean±sd unless otherwise stated. GOLD: Global initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease; FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; BMI: body mass index;

TIA: transient ischaemic attack; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council; QoL: quality of life; CAT: COPD Assessment Test.