Figures
- FIGURE 1
Plasma biomarkers of systemic inflammation, anti-inflammatory, vascular and lipid mediators, and extracellular matrix breakdown in normal subjects and e-cigarette (e-cig) users. IL: interleukin; GM-CSF: granulocyte−macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; MCP: monocyte chemoattractant protein; MIP: macrophage inflammatory protein; TNF: tumour necrosis factor; IFN: interferon; CRP: C-reactive protein; PAI: plasminogen activator inhibitor; ICAM: intracellular adhesion molecule. Data are presented as mean±sem (n=4–20). *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001.
- FIGURE 2
Plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress in normal subjects and e-cigarette (e-cig) users. Data are presented as mean±sem (n=15–20). *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01.
- FIGURE 3
Plasma growth factors in normal subjects and e-cigarette (e-cig) users. BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; EGF: endothelial growth factor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; HGF: hepatocyte growth factor; BMP: bone morphogenetic protein; PIGF: placental growth factor; NGF: nerve growth factor; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; SCF: stem cell factor; TGF: transforming growth factor; bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor. Data are presented as mean±sem (n=10–21). *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01.
- FIGURE 4
a) Urinary, b) salivary and c) exhaled breath condensate biomarkers of systemic inflammation, vascular mediators, oxidative stress, tissue injury repair, oxidative DNA damage, extracellular matrix breakdown and triglycerides in normal subjects and e-cigarette (e-cig) users. MCP: monocyte chemoattractant protein; MIP: macrophage inflammatory protein; IL: interleukin; GM-CSF: granulocyte−macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN: interferon; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; PAI: plasminogen activator inhibitor. Data are presented as mean±sem (n=5–23). *: p<0.05.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Baseline demographic, anthropometric and spirometry characteristics of study participants: normal subjects and electronic cigarette (e-cig) users
Normal subjects# E-cig users# Subjects 26 22 Age years Overall 33.88±14.07 35.54±12.21 Male 37.27±14.22 32.00±14.50 Female 31.40±13.91 38.50±9.58 Sex Male 11 (42.3) 10 (45.5) Female 15 (57.7) 12 (54.5) BMI kg·m−2 24.86±5.06 27.39±5.39 Ethnicity White 18 (69.2) 11 (50.0) African-American 3 (11.5) 6 (27.3) Asian 4 (15.4) 3 (13.6) Hispanic 1 (3.9) 2 (9.1) E-cig vaping status Vaping duration years 2.00±1.64 Vaping frequency day−1 7.75±3.14 Vaping session min 8.79±5.50 Lung function variables FEV1 % pred 98.08±12.72 91.22±10.46 FVC % 99.17±11.69 95.72±13.20 FEV1/FVC % 99.26±6.12 95.50±8.98 PEF % pred 84.56±18.48 76.90±19.82 Data are presented as n, mean±sd or n (%). BMI: body mass index; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; PEF: peak expiratory flow. #: not all biological samples collected from normal subjects and e-cig users were used for each biomarker analysis.
