Figures
- FIGURE 1
Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cardiac computed tomography scan with superimposed lines to delineate examined lung regions. In this representative scan, the basilar region includes sections E, F, K, L. The non-basilar region includes sections A, B, C, D, G, H, I, J. The peel includes sections A, C, E, H, I, K. The core includes sections B, D, F, G, J, L. The basilar peel includes sections E, K. The basilar core includes sections F, L.
- FIGURE 2
Baseline regional high-attenuation areas (HAA).
- FIGURE 3
Odds ratios (OR; with 95% confidence intervals) of interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA) per doubling of high-attenuation areas (HAA).
- FIGURE 4
Hazard ratios (with 95% confidence intervals) of all-cause mortality per doubling of high-attenuation areas (HAA).
Tables
- TABLE 1
Baseline characteristics of Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants
Age years 62±10 Female 3600 (53) Race/ethnicity White 2622 (39) African American 1892 (28) Hispanic 1494 (22) Chinese American 804 (12) BMI kg·m−2 28±5 <25 29% 25–30 39% >30 32% Height cm 166±10 Waist circumference cm 98±14 Glomerular filtration rate 81±18 Smoking Never smoker 50% Former smoker 37% Current smoker 13% Data are presented as mean±sd or n (%), unless otherwise stated. All parameters collected at MESA baseline visit in years 2000–2002. BMI: body mass index.
- TABLE 2
Associations of biomarkers, forced vital capacity, ILA, and all-cause and ILD-specific mortality with HAA in examined lung regions
Basilar Non-basilar Peel Core Basilar peel Basilar core Change per doubling HAA % p-value Change per doubling HAA % p-value Change per doubling HAA % p-value Change per doubling HAA % p-value Change per doubling HAA % p-value Change per doubling HAA % p-value MMP-7 6.6 (2.6–10.8) 0.001 6.4 (2.5–10.4) 0.001 5.9 (2.2–9.8) 0.002 10.3 (4.7–16.3) <0.001 5.8 (2.2–9.6) 0.002 3.8 (0.8–7.0) 0.01 IL-6 4.9 (1.5–8.4) 0.005 10.3 (6.5–14.2) <0.001 7.3 (4.0–10.6) <0.001 9.1 (4.0–14.4) <0.001 5.5 (2.4–8.6) <0.001 1.5 (−0.9–4.0) 0.220 SP-A 4.9 (−1.1–11.3) 0.113 2.7 (−3.0–8.8) 0.362 5.2 (−0.5–11.1) 0.073 8.7 (0.2–17.8) 0.04 4.2 (−1.3–10.0) 0.140 −0.1 (−4.7–4.8) 0.973 Change per doubling HAA mL p-value Change per doubling HAA mL p-value Change per doubling HAA mL p-value Change per doubling HAA mL p-value Change per doubling HAA mL p-value Change per doubling HAA mL p-value FVC −28 (−57–0) 0.051 −113 (−151–−75) <0.001 −26 (−58–5) 0.099 −186 (−226–−145) <0.001 −15 (−42–12) 0.226 −115 (−142–−88) <0.001 OR per doubling HAA p-value OR per doubling HAA p-value OR per doubling HAA p-value OR per doubling HAA p-value OR per doubling HAA p-value OR per doubling HAA p-value ILA 2.20 (1.66–2.90) <0.001 1.54 (1.17–2.02) 0.002 1.79 (1.40–2.30) <0.001 1.52 (1.04–2.24) 0.03 1.87 (1.45–2.39) <0.001 1.42 (1.14–1.76) 0.001 Hazard ratio per doubling HAA p Value Hazard ratio per doubling HAA p Value Hazard ratio per doubling HAA p Value Hazard ratio per doubling HAA p Value Hazard ratio per doubling HAA p Value Hazard ratio per doubling HAA p Value All-cause mortality 1.25 (1.10–1.42) <0.001 1.47 (1.29–1.66) <0.001 1.41 (1.26–1.58) <0.001 1.35 (1.13–1.62) 0.001 1.21 (1.08–1.36) 0.001 1.20 (1.09–1.32) <0.001 ILD mortality# 3.98 (2.10–7.55) <0.001 3.44 (2.13–5.56) <0.001 3.94 (2.36–6.56) <0.001 3.30 (1.83–5.93) <0.001 3.89 (2.08–7.29) <0.001 1.83 (0.97–3.46) 0.061 Data are presented as mean (95% CI). All analyses adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, smoking status, pack–years, educational attainment, renal function, total volume of imaged lung (not in FVC analysis), percentage emphysema, mA dose and study site. HAA: high attenuation areas; MMP-7: matrix metalloproteinase-7; IL-6: interleukin-6; SP-A: surfactant protein-A; FVC: forced vital capacity; ILA: interstitial lung abnormalities. #: Adjusted for generalised propensity score, which includes age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, waist circumference, smoking status, pack-years, educational attainment, renal function, total volume of imaged lung, percentage emphysema, mA dose, study site, alcohol use, total intentional exercise (metabolic equivalent min·wk−1), coronary artery calcium, diabetes medication use, insulin use, fasting glucose, hypertension, antihypertensive medication use, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, cholesterol medication use, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, C-reactive protein, d-dimer and cancer history.
