Figures
- FIGURE 1
a) The distribution of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (HRV), and HRV species A and B, and C; b) the distribution of sensitisation to inhalant and food allergens; and c) the distribution of morning saliva cortisol sampled the first morning after hospitalisation, in infants hospitalised with acute bronchiolitis at study enrolment (0–12 months of age, mean age 4.2 months), compared to children with recurrent wheeze and no recurrent wheeze at 2-year follow-up. s-IgE: specific immunoglobulin E.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Characteristics at birth, study enrolment and 2 years of age are reported stratified by the presence or absence of recurrent wheeze at 2 years of age
Recurrent wheeze No recurrent wheeze p-value Participants 143 (48.6%) 151 (51.4%) At birth Male sex 96/143 (67.1%) 85/151 (56.3%) 0.06 GA weeks 38.6±2.4 38.5±4.0 0.95 Born at GA <37 weeks 14/110 (12.7%) 15/116 (12.9%) 0.96 Birth weight g 3347±632 3497±642 0.05 At enrolment Age days mean (range) 134 (14–348) 115 (7–363) 0.05 Weight g 6650±1886 6245±1794 0.06 Eczema 15/131 (11.5%) 14/140 (10.0%) 0.70 One previous episode of wheeze 34/127 (26.8%) 35/133 (26.3%) 0.93 Length of hospital stay h 85±72 76±59 0.16 Need of supportive treatment 73/142 (51.4%) 79/150 (52.7%) 0.83 Virus detected during acute bronchiolitis RSV 107/129 (82.9%) 112/137 (81.8%) 0.80 HRV 45/129 (34.9%) 48/137 (35.0%) 0.98 HRV A or B 12/129 (9.3%) 16/137 (11.7%) 0.53 HRV C 33/129 (25.6%) 32/137 (23.4%) 0.67 RSV high genomic load 68/129 (52.7%) 77/137 (56.2%) 0.57 HRV high genomic load 8/129 (6.2%) 8/137 (5.8%) 0.90 More than one virus 80/129 (62.0%) 90/137 (65.7%) 0.53 Allergic sensitisation# Any sensitisation 9/130 (6.9%) 13/141 (9.2%) 0.49 Any food sensitisation 8/130 (6.2%) 12/141 (8.5%) 0.46 Any inhalant sensitisation 3/130 (2.3%) 2/141 (1.4%) 0.59 Egg sensitisation 5/130 (3.8%) 3/141 (2.1%) 0.40 Cow's milk sensitisation 4/130 (3.1%) 9/141 (6.4%) 0.20 Peanut sensitisation 1/141 (0.7%) 2/130 (1.5%) 0.52 Polysensitisation 4/130 (3.1%) 3/141 (2.1%) 0.62 Monosensitisation 4/130 (3.1%) 9/141 (6.4%) 0.20 Cortisol mmol·L−1 geometric mean (95% CI) 37.0 (30.2–45.4) 33.7 (28.5–39.8) At the 2-year follow-up Age days mean (range) 747 (291–1055) 725 (368–979) 0.07 Asthma diagnosed by physician 51/143 (35.7%) 5/151 (3.3%) <0.001 Asthma medication used 108/134 (80.6%) 28/142 (19.7%) <0.001 Parental education Maternal education¶ 3.93±0.94 4.05±1.03 0.31 Paternal education¶ 3.76±0.97 3.92±1.02 0.21 Parental allergic diseases Any+ 70/128 (54.7%) 60/136 (44.1%) 0.09 Maternal asthma 22/112 (19.6%) 14/123 (11.4%) 0.08 Paternal asthma 16/112 (14.3%) 15/123 (12.2%) 0.64 Maternal rhinoconjunctivitis 21/124 (16.9%) 21/134 (15.7%) 0.78 Paternal rhinoconjunctivitis 31/124 (25.0%) 25/134 (18.7%) 0.22 Maternal eczema 20/128 (15.6%) 11/135 (8.1%) 0.06 Paternal eczema 15/128 (11.7%) 10/135 (7.4%) 0.23 Environment Smoking at home 19/124 (15.3%) 19/129 (14.7%) 0.90 Data are presented as n/N (%) or mean±sd, unless otherwise stated. GA: gestational age; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; HRV: human rhinovirus. #: specific immunoglobulin E ≥0.35 kU·L−1; ¶: categorised from 1 (no school completed) to 5 (higher education, >3 years); +: reported asthma, eczema and/or rhinoconjunctivitis.
- TABLE 2
The odds ratios of having recurrent wheeze at 2 years of age are shown by factors observed among infants (0–12 months of age) who were admitted to hospital with acute bronchiolitis
Recurrent wheeze OR (95% CI) p-value Viral detection during acute bronchiolitis RSV 0.91 (0.45–1.83) 0.78 HRV 1.03 (0.59–1.78) 0.93 HRV A or B 0.74 (0.31–1.8) 0.51 HRV C 1.19 (0.65–2.19) 0.58 RSV high genomic load 0.84 (0.50,1.42) 0.52 HRV high genomic load 0.93 (0.30–2.84) 0.90 Multiple viruses 0.83 (0.47–1.44) 0.50 Allergic sensitisation# Any sensitisation 0.72 (0.28–1.89) 0.51 Any food sensitisation 0.71 (0.25–1.96) 0.50 Any inhalant sensitisation 1.08 (0.19–20.89) 0.56 Egg sensitisation 1.33 (0.27–6.45) 0.72 Cow's milk sensitisation 0.41 (0.10–1.64) 0.21 Peanut sensitisation 0 0.99 Polysensitisation 1.61 (0.29–32.79) 0.35 Salivary morning cortisol 1.00 (0.99–1.01) 0.40 Bivariate odds ratios are adjusted for sex, age at inclusion and parental atopy. RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; HRV: human rhinovirus.#: specific immunoglobulin E ≥0.35 kU·L−1.
- TABLE 3
The incidence rate ratio (IRR) for episodes of recurrent wheeze at 2 years of age are given by factors observed in infants admitted to hospital with acute bronchiolitis, based on zero-truncated negative binomial regression analysis
Recurrent wheeze IRR (95% CI) p-value Viral detection during acute bronchiolitis RSV 0.95 (0.70–1.28) 0.86 HRV 0.72 (0.57–0.91) 0.16 HRV A or B 0.58 (0.40–0.83) 0.14 HRV C 0.84 (0.65–1.09) 0.51 RSV high genomic load 0.92 (0.73–1.15) 0.70 HRV high genomic load 0.61 (0.38–0.99) 0.31 Multiple viruses 0.91 (0.72–1.16) 0.69 Allergic sensitisation# Any sensitisation 1.46 (0.97–2.19) 0.36 Any food sensitisation 1.53 (1.0–2.36) 0.32 Any inhalant sensitisation 1.18 (0.48–2.90) 0.85 Egg sensitisation 3.58 (1.82–3.58) 0.059 Cow's milk sensitisation 0.49 (0.29–0.95) 0.17 Peanut sensitisation 1.45 (0.25–8.33) 0.83 Polysensitisation 1.44 (0.60–3.49) 0.68 Salivary morning cortisol 1.01 (1.0–1.0) 0.56 The zero-truncated negative binomial regression analysis are adjusted for sex, age at inclusion and parental atopy. RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; HRV: human rhinovirus.#: specific immunoglobulin E ≥0.35 kU·L−1.
Supplementary Material
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Supplementary material 00268-2019.supplement
