Figures
- FIGURE 1
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis diagram of article identification, screening and selection.
- FIGURE 2
Forest plot of healthy dietary patterns and prevalence of COPD in cross-sectional studies. IV: inverse variance; df: degrees of freedom. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
- FIGURE 3
Forest plot of healthy dietary patterns and incidence of COPD in cohort studies. RR: risk ratio; IV: inverse variance; df: degrees of freedom. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
- FIGURE 4
Forest plot of unhealthy dietary patterns and prevalence of COPD in cross-sectional studies. IV: inverse variance; df: degrees of freedom. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Characteristics of included studies
First author [ref.], year Country Study design Total subjects Age of participants years How COPD was diagnosed Outcomes of interest Factors adjusted for in analysis Dietary patterns investigated Ardestani [22], 2017 Iran Case–control 164 Mean 57 Spirometric (FEV1/FVC <0.70 or FEV1 <80% pred) OR, FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC Unadjusted DASH (H) Brigham [62], 2018 USA Cohort 15 256 Mean 54.2 Spirometric (FEV1 and FEV1/FVC <LLN) PR, FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC Age, sex, race, education, study location, smoking (status and pack-years), physical activity, total energy intake, BMI Western (U), prudent (H) Fischer [36], 2019 Sweden Case–control 1802 Mean 55 Doctor diagnosis OR Higher education, living alone, number of daily cigarettes Mediterranean (H) Maisonneuve [20], 2016 Italy Cohort 4336 Median 57 Radiological (CT) OR Age, sex, smoking duration, smoking intensity, years of smoking cessation, asbestos exposure, total energy Mediterranean (H) McKeever [19], 2010 Netherlands Cross-sectional 12 648 Range 20–59 Spirometric (GOLD stage ≥2) OR Age, sex, age squared, height, age×height, smoking status, pack-years, BMI, educational level Cosmopolitan (H), traditional (U), refined-foods (U) Ogunmoroti [18], 2016 USA Cohort 6506 Mean 62.0 Doctor diagnosis (discerned through ICD-9 codes) HR Age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income AHA criteria (H) Shaheen [21], 2010 UK Cohort 2942 Mean 65.7 males, 66.6 females Spirometric (FEV1/FVC <LLN) OR Age, height, smoking status, pack-years, smoke in home, age left education, home ownership, number of rooms, cars, social class, fat mass, activity score, energy intake, alcohol, dietary supplement use, birth weight, father's social class at birth, inhaled or oral steroid use, paracetamol use Prudent (H) Steinemann [63], 2018 Switzerland Cohort 2178 Mean 58.6 Spirometric (FEV1/FVC<0.70) OR Study site, sex, age, height, smoking status, pack-years, number of daily cigarettes, exposure to passive smoking in the last 12 months, parental smoking in childhood, educational level, civil status, employment status, physical activity, total energy intake, BMI Prudent (H), high-carbohydrate (U), Western (U) Varasso [16], 2007 USA Cohort 42 917 Range 40–75 Doctor diagnosis and spirometry or radiology (CXR or CT) RR Age, energy intake, smoking status, pack-years, race/ethnicity, physician visits, US region, BMI, physical activity, multivitamin use Prudent (H), Western (U) Varasso [37], 2007 USA Cohort 72 043 Range 30–55 Doctor diagnosis and spirometry or radiology (CXR or CT) RR Age, smoking status, pack-years, exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke, menopausal status, race/ethnicity, spouse's educational attainment, physician visits, US region, physical activity, multivitamin use, energy intake Prudent (H), Western (U) Varasso [17], 2015 USA Cohort 120 254 Range 40–75 males, 30–55 females Doctor diagnosis and spirometry or radiology (CXR or CT) HR Age, physical activity, BMI, total energy intake, smoking status, pack-years, second-hand tobacco exposure, race/ethnicity, physician visits, US region, spouse, highest educational attainment, menopausal status Alternate Healthy Eating Index (H) Voortman [38], 2017 Netherlands Cohort 9701 Median 64.1 Spirometric (FEV1/FVC <0.70) or doctor diagnosis HR Age, subcohort, sex, smoking status, education level, employment status, total energy intake, physical activity, BMI Dutch Dietary Guidelines (H) FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; LLN: lower limit of normal; CT: computed tomography; GOLD: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; ICD-9: International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision; CXR: chest radiography; PR: prevalence ratio; HR: hazard ratio; RR: risk ratio; BMI: body mass index; DASH: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; H: healthy; U: unhealthy; AHA: American Heart Association; AHEI: Alternative Healthy Eating Index.
Supplementary Material
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Tables S1-S7 00168-2019.SUPPLEMENT
