Impact of adjuvant therapeutic surgery on the health-related quality of life of pulmonary tuberculosis patients

Pau Benito, Sergo Vashakidze, Shota Gogishvili, Keti Nikolaishvili, Albert Despuig, Nestan Tukvadze, Natalia Shubladze, Zaza Avaliani, Cristina Vilaplana
ERJ Open Research 2020 6: 00083-2020; DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00083-2020

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and to assess its change after a therapeutic surgical procedure. In this scenario, the purpose was to elucidate and quantify the effect of various demographic, epidemiological, clinical, surgical and psychosocial details on this variable.

A prospective cohort of 40 patients undergoing therapeutic surgery for pulmonary TB (Study of Human Tuberculosis Lesions (SH-TBL) cohort) was recruited in Tbilisi, Georgia, between 2016 and 2018. HRQoL was assessed by administering the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and a novel psychosocial questionnaire, the BCN-Q, both at baseline and at 6 months post-surgery.

A statistically and clinically significant improvement in the SGRQ total score was observed at follow-up, although it did not reach the values found for the healthy population. The differences between time points were statistically significant for the following groups: women, age <40 years, body mass index ≥20 kg·m−2, nonsmokers, drug-susceptible and drug-resistant participants, both new and relapsed patients, early culture negativisation, cases with a single lesion, either lesions <35 mm or ≥35 mm, and lesion, lobe and lung resections.

The analysis of BCN-Q together with the SGRQ showed that several of its items, such as marital status, living conditions, nutrition, employment, external support, certain attitudes towards the healthcare system, emotional burden and sleep troubles, can impact HRQoL.

These results highlight the benefit of adjuvant therapeutic surgery for pulmonary TB in selected patients in terms of HRQoL and suggest that a comprehensive approach including demographic, epidemiological, clinical and psychosocial variables may more accurately predict TB evolution and prognosis.

Abstract

Adjuvant therapeutic surgery in selected pulmonary TB patients improves their health-related quality of life. Impact of psychosocial variables on HRQoL may be assessed using a newly developed questionnaire, namely BCN-Q. https://bit.ly/2A169rR

Introduction

One of the most important tuberculosis (TB) current challenges is the global spread of multidrug- (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) forms, the management of which is highly complex as only a few therapeutic options are available [1, 2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) consolidated guidelines on MDR-TB treatment include elective partial lung resection as a possible adjunctive treatment alongside a recommended pharmacological scheme [3]. Therapeutic surgery is prescribed to manage complicated cases of TB (even for selected drug-sensitive (DS) cases), or those in which medical treatment is failing [1]. In countries of the former Soviet Union, surgery has remained a relatively widespread therapeutic option.

Addressing MDR-TB is one of the End TB Strategy targets, as well as tackling the social determinants underlying TB, including poverty, crowded and poorly ventilated living and working conditions and malnutrition, amongst others. The End TB Strategy also contemplates the social burden of TB, which encompasses stigmatisation, interruption of studies, loss of employment and others, and stresses the need for social protection measures [4].

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of adjunctive therapeutic surgery on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of pulmonary TB patients, as well as to assess the role of various clinical and epidemiological characteristics of participants. Furthermore, this study aimed to determine influential psychosocial items collected from a novel questionnaire employed in this cohort.

Methods

Study design

This study followed prospectively all patients undergoing therapeutic surgery for pulmonary TB at the National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NCTLD, Tbilisi, Georgia) and consenting to donate samples and data for the study, recruited between May 2016 and May 2018 (n=40, Study of Human Tuberculosis Lesions (SH-TBL) cohort).

The NCTLD internal committee was responsible for indication of surgery. Decision was made on the basis of persistent radiological TB lesions in chest radiography (all the participants) and/or incessant clinical manifestations such as fatigue, cough, fever or even haemoptysis within the last 4 weeks from the surgery date, despite the fact of having completed the corresponding pharmacological anti-TB regimen (table 1). All patients were microbiologically cured prior to surgery according to WHO criteria (negativisation for both sputum culture and acid-fast bacilli smear after finishing the pharmacological treatment scheme).

View this table:
TABLE 1

Main characteristics of the study cohort

For each patient, demographic, clinical and TB-related information were obtained prior to surgery. Two HRQoL questionnaires, the Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and the BCN Questionnaire (BCN-Q), were administered to participants before and 6 months after surgery.

Data work

OpenClinica (S4 Research) was the interface of the electronic case report form (eCRF). Content from the eCRF was transferred into a Microsoft Office Excel 2010 spreadsheet, in which the SGRQ symptoms, activity, impacts and total scores were calculated. GraphPad Prism version 8.2.0.435 was used to elaborate the graphs and the statistical analysis.

Statistical analysis

Data are shown as mean±sem. As a result of effectuating the Shapiro–Wilk test, normal distribution could not be assumed for SGRQ total score. A Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test was conducted when comparing time points and a Mann–Whitney U-test was used both when comparing groups in each time point and when determining associations between answers to BCN-Q and SGRQ total score. A Kruskal–Wallis test was applied to comparisons between more than two groups. A Chi-squared test, or Fisher's exact test when there were only two possible answers, were performed to compare answers to questions in BCN-Q between time points. All p-values were two-tailed, with the statistical significance at p<0.05.

Ethics

This paper is part of the SH-TBL project (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02715271), led by the Experimental Tuberculosis Unit and conducted in collaboration with the NCTLD. The protocol and research methodology, as well as associated documents (informed consent sheet, informed consent form) were reviewed and approved by both ethics committees at the NCTLD (IRB00007705 NCTLD Georgia #1, IORG0006411) and the Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (EC: PI-16-171). Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants before they were enrolled.

Results

HRQoL baseline versus follow-up

The 87.5% of questionnaires were answered: 39 out of 40 at baseline and 31 out of 40 at 6 months after surgery. A few answers were missed for some patients. SGRQ score scale is 0–100, with higher scores indicating a worse status [5–7]. After surgery, a score decrease of around 10 units was observed for all the components (symptoms, activity and impacts) and for the total score, differences being statistically significant (except for the symptoms score) (figure 1 and table S1).

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score change according to time point. Graphs show the participants’ score for each of the components of the questionnaire (a: symptoms, b: activity and c: impacts), as well as their overall total score (d) at both time-points.

Demographic and clinical characteristics

40 patients (19 males and 21 females) were included. Mean age was 33.5 years and mean body mass index (BMI) was 22.5 kg·m−2. Overall, 15 patients were smokers (37.5%). Among their comorbidities and relevant medication, it stood out that six were infected with hepatitis C virus and two with hepatitis B virus (although none had cirrhosis) and two were taking corticosteroids (table 1 and table S1).

Women significantly improved their SGRQ total score after surgery and maintained lower scores than men at both time points. Unlike patients aged ≥40 years, the youngest obtained a statistically significant score decrease after surgery. Participants with a BMI <20 kg·m−2 had lower mean scores than those with a BMI ≥20 kg·m−2 but differences after surgery were statistically significant only in the latter. Nonsmokers had lower scores than smokers and reached a statistically significant score improvement after surgery (figure 2 and table S2).

FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) total score change according to clinical and demographic characteristics of participants and time point: a) sex, b) age, c) body mass index (BMI) and d) smoking status. Circular and square symbols correspond to data from the first visit and follow-up, respectively.

TB and surgery-related information

All patients had pulmonary TB: 15 DS, 18 MDR and 7 XDR-TB. For DS participants, the commonest pharmacological anti-TB treatment received prior to surgery was a 6-month scheme with moxifloxacin, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. Two of them received isoniazid instead of moxifloxacin. For MDR and XDR-TB patients, treatment was extended to 8–10 months and consisted of individualised combinations of 3–6 drugs, with pyrazinamide, capreomycin, respiratory quinolones (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin), cycloserin, PAS, linezolid and clofazimine among the most-employed anti-TB agents. Nearly one-third were relapsed patients. Lesions, typically unique (80.0%), were of very variable sizes and in most cases led to a lesion resection surgery (62.5%) (table 1).

Both DS and drug-resistant (when analysing MDR and XDR jointly) participants had statistically significant score improvements after surgery. New patients scored significantly better than relapse patients before surgery (p=0.0338) but, as both new and relapse patients significantly decreased their score after surgery, differences at the follow-up were minimal. Regardless of statistical significance being only achieved for early culture converters (≤2 months), improvement for late culture converters (>2 months) almost reached the threshold for statistical significance (figure 3 and table S3).

FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3

St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) total score change according to tuberculosis and surgery-related information of participants and time point: a) drug susceptibility, b) history of previous treatment, c) time to culture negativisation, d) number and e) size of lesions and f) type of resection. Circular and square symbols correspond to data from the first visit and follow-up, respectively. DS: drug-susceptible; MDR: multidrug resistant; XDR: extensively drug-resistant.

Unlike patients with multiple lesions, participants with a single lesion significantly decreased their score after surgery, regardless of the lesions being categorised as big (≥35 mm) or small (<35 mm) and the surgical procedure being a lesion, lobe or entire lung resection (figure 3 and table S3).

Description of answers to BCN-Q

BCN-Q focuses on the psychosocial reality of TB patients. Approximately two-thirds of participants had a partner at both time points. Baseline unemployment rate was 59.0%, dropping to 37.9% at follow-up. The majority of participants lived in their own house or apartment, in most cases with their family. They were predominantly living with 3 to 6 cohabitants, two of them providing financially in most cases.

The majority of participants had not asked for any kind of assistance. More than a half always received family financial support, but participants not needing it increased from 5.1% to 19.4% after surgery. Around 60% did not have to take care of anybody, the rest having to take care of children in most cases. Participants with the lowest meat, fish and egg intake dropped from 23.1% to 3.2% after surgery and the same occurred for patients eating dairy products once a week or never, who were reduced from 28.2% to 13.0%.

The vast majority of patients knew what their condition was and thought it was very serious or at least serious. Most of them did not know how they were infected. Patients were mainly afraid of infecting family members but their fear was reduced at follow-up. Half of them had met more than 10 people who had had TB. Most patients sought assistance shortly after feeling unwell. Practically none thought it was a disgrace for the family to have a member with TB. In this regard, they did not generally hide their condition, especially at follow-up. Patients considering TB as a curse decreased from 37.1% to 20.7% after surgery. Less than a quarter resorted to traditional medicine.

Most patients considered they always had the support from their families and the family encouraged them a lot in taking their medicine daily. Friends or acquaintances generally did not desert them. The majority of participants said they absolutely trusted both their physician and, to a lesser extent, the other staff members. Almost all patients thought all staff or at least some of them were being friendly.

The immense majority considered their condition had changed their life and/or personality. A quarter claimed to have lost their job because of TB. Most participants had never been incarcerated. Patients experiencing trouble sleeping significantly dropped between time points (46.2% versus 16.6%, p=0.0361). Less than half of patients thought TB had influenced their career trajectory and less than 10% considered that it diminished their chances to marry. Thinking of abandoning treatment was rather infrequent. A total of 31 out of 39 participants at baseline and 14 out of 31 at follow-up reported an emotional burden, which equates to 34.3% decrease between time points. Only 1 in 10 thought they were not going to fully recover. Among MDR/XDR patients, the commonest sequelae were dysesthesias, which significantly decreased at follow-up (16 out of 24 versus 6 out of 16, p=0.0471).

Table S4 in the supplementary material provides a complete description of patients’ responses to the questionnaire.

Correlation between BCN-Q and SGRQ

Some of the aforementioned questions were analysed in relation to the HRQoL data obtained using the SGRQ (figure 4 and table S5). Patients without a partner showed a greater score decrease between time points when compared to patients who were married or had a partner but only differences in the latter were statistically significant. Patients living with five or more cohabitants significantly improved after surgery and maintained lower scores than those living with four or fewer cohabitants.

FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4

St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) total score change according to answers to the BCN-Q and time point. Graphs show the score differences depending on a) family or marital status, b) occupation, c) number of cohabitants, d) family financial support, e) need to take care of somebody, f) job loss due to tuberculosis, g) meat, fish and eggs intake, h) dairy products intake, i) use of traditional medicine, j) sleep troubles, k) emotional burden and l) multidrug resistant (MDR)/extensively drug-resistant (XDR) sequelae. Circular and square symbols correspond to data from the first visit and follow-up, respectively.

Employed participants maintained better scores than those unemployed. Patients who had lost their job due to TB had worse scores than participants who had not lost it, especially before surgery (p=0.0477). A statistically significant score decrease was observed both in patients with more financial support and in those not having to take care of anybody.

Participants with the lowest protein intake had the worst scores at both the baseline (meat, fish, eggs and dairy products) and follow-up (all but dairy products). Those not turning to traditional/natural medicines significantly improved after surgery and maintained lower scores than the antagonistic group. Trouble sleeping was associated with higher mean scores at both the baseline (p=0.0004) and follow-up.

Patients reporting emotional burden had a higher baseline mean score than their opposites (p=0.0133) but significantly improved their score after surgery. MDR/XDR participants suffering pharmacological sequelae had higher baseline scores than those without sequelae but the situation was inverted after surgery as they significantly improved after surgery.

Discussion

Impact of surgery on HRQoL

Few studies have utilised standardised quality of life (QoL) instruments in patients with TB. Consequently, there are many gaps in understanding QoL among TB patients, and how it changes with treatment and cure [8]. There is no consensus regarding a gold-standard HRQoL questionnaire for TB. WHO QoL, SF-36 and SGRQ are examples of the most commonly employed instruments, none of them being TB-specific [9].

The SGRQ Manual estimated the expected mean scores for healthy subjects as 12, 9, 2 and 6 for symptoms, activity, impacts and total score, respectively [5]. Another study with a larger sample calculated the mean normative values for the general population as 9.67, 13.40, 4.74 and 8.41, respectively [10]. The estimated threshold for a clinically significant change in health status is consistently around four units [11].

The results of our study revealed an improvement of around 10 units in all dimensions of the SGRQ at follow-up, thus showing a clinically significant benefit of adjuvant therapeutic surgery for pulmonary TB in selected patients in terms of HRQoL. Mean scores for symptoms and activity were in the range of the reference values for the general population. Impacts and total scores remained above them. Residual differences are apparently not clinically significant if considering the aforementioned four-unit threshold.

These findings are consistent with a review of nonsurgical studies by Brown et al. [9], which claimed that active TB was associated with a lower health status and treatment was related to improvements in HRQoL, although residual deficits persisted after it. Very recently, a cross-sectional study in successfully treated drug-resistant TB patients showed better SGRQ scores among those undergoing adjunctive surgery [12].

Despite this study being valuable as a formal assessment of HRQoL change after adjunctive surgery for both DS and drug-resistant TB patients, further studies comparing adjunctive surgery with other approaches, such as continuing the same or another pharmacological treatment scheme, should be performed to thoroughly determine if the HRQoL improvement is independently related to the surgery.

Influence of individual characteristics in HRQoL

The worldwide male-to-female case notification ratio is 1.7, the reasons for this observed sex bias remaining controversial [13]. Nonetheless, examination of time to sputum conversion and type of necrosis in surgical samples suggested that TB course could be worse in women [14]. In our study, women's scores were slightly better both before and after the surgery.

Young participants significantly improved after surgery. Even though the maximum age in our cohort was 61 years, age-related physiological changes, including loss of immunity, might partly explain the poorer response of the oldest [15].

Weight loss is a typical clinical sign of TB disease. Existing evidence claims that a poorer nutritional status leads to secondary immunodeficiency [16], a radiological increase in the extent of disease [17] and increased mortality [18]. In accordance, and despite the fact that participants with a BMI <20 kg·m−2 had lower mean scores than those with a BMI ≥20 kg·m−2, only the latter achieved a significant improvement after surgery.

Our study found that smoking status is a predictor of HRQoL evolution during TB treatment, which is consistent with abundant evidence highlighting its role as an indicator of torpid evolution [19].

Observational studies have stated high treatment success rates, a trend towards improved outcomes, and acceptable morbidity for adjunctive surgery as a treatment for MDR/XDR tuberculosis [20]. Our study suggests considering the need for future studies with larger samples to elucidate the potential role of adjuvant surgery in the treatment of DS-TB patients in whom medical treatment has been insufficient.

In our cohort, baseline HRQoL was significantly poorer in relapse patients, which could be attributed to sequelae from previous TB episodes. Differences were attenuated at follow-up, suggesting that surgery can be helpful in some of these patients.

Early culture converters achieved a statistically significant improvement in HRQoL after the surgery, but late converters almost reached the threshold for statistical significance. Therefore, it cannot be said that time to culture conversion determine the impact of surgery on HRQoL. Our results suggest that patients with a single lesion are more likely to improve their HRQoL after surgery than patients with multiple lesions, irrespective of lesion size and type of procedure. It could be related to offering a simpler surgical approach and an easier control of disease focus.

BCN-Q: the psychosocial perspective and its relationship with the HRQoL results

None of the traditional tools used to evaluate HRQoL in TB are TB-specific instruments [9]. Recently, at least two disease-specific HRQoL instruments, namely FACIT-TB [21] and QLICD-TB [22], have been developed. Applying a TB-specific perspective may be relevant as the social, economic and emotional burden of TB are well known. This motivated us to design and administer an additional questionnaire, namely the BCN-Q, which focuses on psychosocial aspects and the perspective of TB patients themselves, and to determine which variables translated to statistically significant changes in HRQoL after surgery.

Loss of employment prior to surgery was associated with a worse baseline HRQoL. Studies emphasise the perceived risk of infecting others and the feeling of lack of energy among job loss causes [23, 24]. Unemployment rate decreased in our cohort after surgery. As such, we hypothesise its role in increasing patients’ fitness and in reducing employer's fear of contagion.

Protein malnutrition correlates with poor tuberculosis treatment outcomes, including treatment failure, relapse and death [25, 26]. Accordingly, participants with the lowest protein intake in our cohort had a worse HRQoL at both baseline (meat, fish, eggs and dairy products) and follow-up (all but dairy products). Patients with poor protein intake clearly dropped after surgery. Anti-TB treatment is known to improve appetite loss, nutrient malabsorption and metabolism alterations provoked by TB disease [25, 27, 28]. Hence, our findings are similar to those described in patients receiving pharmacological treatment for TB.

Crowded living conditions are associated with an increased risk of infection [29] and a poorer disease outcome [30]. In our cohort, participants who were married or living as a couple, and patients living with five or more cohabitants, improved significantly after surgery, probably because many cohabitants assumed the role of carers. Family and close relationships are known to positively affect illness management [31].

Preventing families from experiencing catastrophic costs due to TB is an End TB Strategy goal [32]. Previous studies have shown the relevance of financial risk protection interventions [33]. Differences in our cohort are of small magnitude but only patients who always received family financial support or who did not need it and those not having to take care of anybody achieved a significant improvement after surgery.

In our cohort, resorting to traditional medicine limited the HRQoL improvement. A delay in seeking medical assistance, a reduced treatment adherence and a perception of poor response to it could play a role on this association.

Psychological distress accompanies many diseases. Our participants were asked how they were feeling. Nearly 80% reported some kind of emotional burden at baseline, decreasing to 45% at follow-up, which are similar results to those found by Tola et al. [34]. In our cohort, the association of emotional burden with a worse HRQoL (especially at baseline) together with the reduction in the number of patients facing emotional burden at follow-up reinforce the positive impact of surgery and support the two-way relationship between mental and physical health.

Respiratory diseases, particularly COPD, are associated with poor sleep quality [35], which negatively affects HRQoL [35, 36] and patient functionality [37]. In our cohort, 46% of participants suffered sleep disturbances at baseline, with their HRQoL being much worse. After surgery, participants with sleep troubles still had a worse HRQoL but represented only 17% of the cohort. The relationship between poor sleep quality and HRQoL might be bidirectional if, as reported for COPD, disease severity correlates with sleep troubles [38].

Pharmacological sequelae among MDR/XDR-TB patients were associated with a much worse baseline HRQoL. The interpretation is not evident as SGRQ specifically inquiries about respiratory disturbances. Reduced treatment adherence because of adverse events could partly explain it. Moreover, adverse events might influence how participants rate their HRQoL. Existing evidence on this issue shows contrasting results [39, 40].

Conclusions

This study provides evidence for the benefit of therapeutic surgery for pulmonary TB in selected patients, as measured both quantitatively using the SGRQ score and qualitatively using a newly developed HRQoL questionnaire. Sex, age, BMI, smoking status, drug susceptibility, history of previous treatment and the nature of the lesions should be taken into account as they influence the outcome of surgery. Our study also highlights that a comprehensive approach to TB, and particularly to its HRQoL, must include a psychosocial perspective. The results of the BCN-Q suggest its utility for evaluating the psychosocial burden of TB, which should be validated in other TB cohorts.

Supplementary material

Supplementary Material

Please note: supplementary material is not edited by the Editorial Office, and is uploaded as it has been supplied by the author.

Tables S1-S5 00083-2020.supp_tables

Acknowledgements

We thank the patients who agreed to be involved in this study.

Footnotes

  • This article has supplementary material available from openres.ersjournals.com

  • The work presented here is part of the SH-TBL (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02715271).

  • Conflict of interest: P. Benito has nothing to disclose.

  • Conflict of interest: S. Vashakidze has nothing to disclose.

  • Conflict of interest: S. Gogishvili has nothing to disclose.

  • Conflict of interest: K. Nikolaishvili has nothing to disclose.

  • Conflict of interest: A. Despuig reports grants from Spanish Government-FEDER Funds and the CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias Network (CIBERES), and personal fees from Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca AGAUR, during the conduct of the study.

  • Conflict of interest: N. Tukvadze has nothing to disclose.

  • Conflict of interest: N. Shubladze has nothing to disclose.

  • Conflict of interest: Z. Avaliani has nothing to disclose.

  • Conflict of interest: C. Vilaplana reports personal fees from Spanish Government-FEDER Contratos Miguel Servet, and grants from Spanish Government-FEDER, CIBERES), grants from the Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR), during the conduct of the study.

  • Support statement: This study was funded by the Spanish Government-FEDER Funds through CV contracts CP13/00174, CPII14/00021 and PI16/01511 grant; the “CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias” Network (CIBERES); the “Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery” (SEPAR) through grant 16/023; and the “Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca” (AGAUR) through AD contract (2017 FI_B_00797). Funding information for this article has been deposited with the Crossref Funder Registry.

  • Received February 21, 2020.
  • Accepted May 29, 2020.
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Impact of adjuvant therapeutic surgery on the health-related quality of life of pulmonary tuberculosis patients
Pau Benito, Sergo Vashakidze, Shota Gogishvili, Keti Nikolaishvili, Albert Despuig, Nestan Tukvadze, Natalia Shubladze, Zaza Avaliani, Cristina Vilaplana
ERJ Open Research Jul 2020, 6 (3) 00083-2020; DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00083-2020
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