Abstract
The presence of respiratory symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been known since the first description of the disease, even though the prevalence and incidence of these disturbances are not well defined. Several causes have been reported, comprising obstructive and restrictive pulmonary disease and changes in the central ventilatory control, and different pathogenetic mechanisms have been postulated accordingly. In our review, we encompass the current knowledge about respiratory abnormalities in PD, as well as the impact of anti-Parkinsonian drugs as either risk or protective factors. A description of putative pathogenetic mechanisms is also provided, and possible treatments are discussed, focusing on the importance of recognising and treating respiratory symptoms as a key manifestation of the disease itself. A brief description of respiratory dysfunctions in atypical Parkinsonism, especially α-synucleinopathies, is also provided.
Abstract
This review addresses current knowledge about respiratory dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease, from the aetiopathology to pharmacological and invasive treatments, describing the different clinical phenotypes https://bit.ly/2X7OLtN
Footnotes
Author contributions: A.M. D'Arrigo, S. Floro, F. Bartesaghi and C. Casellato designed the review, performed the literature research and prepared the manuscript. A. Priori, T. Bocci, G.F. Sferrazza Papa and S. Centanni prepared the manuscript and reviewed the work.
Conflict of interest: A.M. D'Arrigo has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: S. Floro has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: F. Bartesaghi has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: C. Casellato has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: G.F Sferrazza Papa has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: S. Centanni has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: A. Priori has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: T. Bocci has nothing to disclose.
- Received April 2, 2020.
- Accepted July 22, 2020.
- Copyright ©ERS 2020
This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licence 4.0.