Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Current issue
  • Early View
  • Archive
  • Authors/reviewers
    • Instructions for authors
    • Submit a manuscript
    • COVID-19 submission information
    • Institutional open access agreements
    • Peer reviewer login
  • Alerts
  • Subscriptions
  • ERS Publications
    • European Respiratory Journal
    • ERJ Open Research
    • European Respiratory Review
    • Breathe
    • ERS Books
    • ERS publications home

User menu

  • Log in
  • Subscribe
  • Contact Us
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
  • ERS Publications
    • European Respiratory Journal
    • ERJ Open Research
    • European Respiratory Review
    • Breathe
    • ERS Books
    • ERS publications home

Login

European Respiratory Society

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Current issue
  • Early View
  • Archive
  • Authors/reviewers
    • Instructions for authors
    • Submit a manuscript
    • COVID-19 submission information
    • Institutional open access agreements
    • Peer reviewer login
  • Alerts
  • Subscriptions

Predicted values for the forced expiratory flow adjusted for forced vital capacity, a descriptive study

Claire A. Cox, Judith M. Vonk, Huib A.M. Kerstjens, Maarten van den Berge, Nick H.T. ten Hacken
ERJ Open Research 2020 6: 00426-2020; DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00426-2020
Claire A. Cox
1University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Dept of Pulmonary Diseases Groningen, The Netherlands
2University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Claire A. Cox
Judith M. Vonk
2University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands
3University of Groningen, Dept of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Judith M. Vonk
Huib A.M. Kerstjens
1University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Dept of Pulmonary Diseases Groningen, The Netherlands
2University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • ORCID record for Huib A.M. Kerstjens
Maarten van den Berge
1University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Dept of Pulmonary Diseases Groningen, The Netherlands
2University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Nick H.T. ten Hacken
1University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Dept of Pulmonary Diseases Groningen, The Netherlands
2University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

Figures

  • Tables
  • Supplementary Materials
  • FIGURE 1
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIGURE 1

    Overview of subject selection from the Lifelines dataset. BMI: body mass index.

  • FIGURE 2
    • Download figure
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIGURE 2

    Variability in the adjusted forced expiratory flows (FEFs) for a) males and b) females, per datasets. FVC: forced vital capacity; FEFx: FEF at 25%, 50%, 75% and 25–75% of FVC.

Tables

  • Figures
  • Supplementary Materials
  • TABLE 1

    Characteristics of groups used to train the reference equations

    MaleFemale
    Subjects48466736
    Age# years42±11.642±12.4
    Height cm183±6.7170±6.4
    Weight kg84±9.869±8.9
    BMI kg·m−224.9±2.523.9±2.8
    FEV1 L4.40±0.633.19±0.49
    FEV1 % pred99±9.198±9.2
    FVC L5.58±0.743.99±0.56
    FVC % pred100±9.0101±9.4
    FEV1/FVC78.9±4.979.8±5.2
    FEF25 L·s−18.50±1.566.10±1.13
    FEF25¶ % pred
    FEF50 L·s−14.87±1.223.67±0.91
    FEF50¶ % pred
    FEF75 L·s−11.63±0.631.25±0.54
    FEF75 % pred101±29.796±30.2
    FEF25–75 L·s−14.03±1.103.03±0.86
    FEF25–75 % pred96±22.392±20.5

    Data are presented as n or mean±sd. Predicted values are according to the Global Lung Initiative (GLI) equations [13]. BMI: body mass index; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEFx: forced expiratory flow at 25%, 50%, 75% or 25–75% of FVC. #: age range (interquartile range) 18–80 (34–49) years and 18–85 (33–48) years for males and females, respectively; ¶: no reference equations available from the GLI. For characteristics of internal and external validation sets see supplementary table S2.

    • TABLE 2

      Overview of adjusted forced expiratory flow (FEF) for all groups

      MaleFemale
      Subjects48466736
      FEF25/FVC s−11.54±0.301.54±0.29
      FEF50/FVC s−10.88±0.210.92±0.21
      FEF75/FVC s−10.29±0.110.31±0.12
      FEF25–75/FVC s−10.72±0.190.76±0.19

      Data are presented as n or mean±sd. FEFx: forced expiratory flow at 25%, 50%, 75% or 25–75% of forced vital capacity (FVC).

      • TABLE 3

        Coefficient of variation for adjusted and unadjusted forced expiratory flows (FEFs)

        Adjusted FEFx/FVC
        coefficient of variation %
        Unadjusted FEFx coefficient of variation %p-value
        Males
         FEF2519.218.30.00027
         FEF5023.925.10.00097
         FEF7536.038.75.81×10−5
         FEF25–7525.427.26.23×10−7
        Females
         FEF2518.718.60.739
         FEF5022.924.91.24×10−13
         FEF7539.843.21.51×10−10
         FEF25–7525.828.69.46×10−19

        FEFx: forced expiratory flow at 25%, 50%, 75% and 25–75% of forced vital capacity (FVC).

        • TABLE 4

          Generated reference equations for adjusted forced expiratory flow (FEF) values

          EquationsExplained variance for the FEF/FVC equations %
          Reference equationRSDTrainingInternal validationExternal validation
          Males
           FEF25/FVC s−13.56+0.001A+0.003W−0.013H0.2866.796.4813.16
           FEF50/FVC s−12.02−0.004A+0.001W–0.006H0.2056.174.764.04
           FEF75/FVC s−10.68−0.005A–0.0009W–0.0005H0.08435.932.137.8
           FEF25–75/FVC s−11.70−0.007A+0.0005W−0.004H0.16916.613.814.9
          Females
           FEF25/FVC s−13.52−0.0005A+0.003W−0.013H0.2786.215.824.56
           FEF50/FVC s−12.05−0.005A+0.001W−0.006H0.2018.649.549.32
           FEF75/FVC s−10.73−0.006A−0.001W−0.0004H0.09541.041.546.0
           FEF25–75/FVC s−11.76−0.008A+0.00009W−0.004H0.17023.624.125.2

          FVC: forced vital capacity; RSD: residual standard deviation; FEFx: forced expiratory flow at 25%, 50%, 75% and 25–75% of FVC; A: age (years); W: weight (kg); H: height (cm). Lower limit of normal=value−1.64×RSD; upper limit of normal=value+1.64×RSD.

          • TABLE 5

            Generated reference equations unadjusted forced expiratory flow (FEF) values

            EquationsExplained variance for the unadjusted FEF equations %
            Reference equationRSDTrainingInternal validationExternal validation
            Males
             FEF25 L·s−10.50−0.021A+0.019W+0.040H1.4789.7312.111.6
             FEF50 L·s−10.14−0.038A+0.008W+0.031H1.09919.519.820.7
             FEF75 L·s−10.14−0.034A−0.005W+0.018H0.46946.844.755.0
             FEF25–75 L·s−10.37−0.048A+0.003W+0.029H0.90332.631.939.2
            Females
             FEF25 L·s−11.21−0.026A+0.015W+0.029H1.03915.617.015.4
             FEF50 L·s−10.51−0.033A+0.007W+0.024H0.77827.127.729.8
             FEF75 L·s−10.35−0.028A−0.005W+0.014H0.37551.452.056.8
             FEF25–75 L·s−10.74−0.041A+0.0015W+0.023H0.65442.342.644.1

            RSD: residual standard deviation; FEFx: forced expiratory flow at 25%, 50%, 75% and 25–75% of forced vital capacity; A: age (years); W: weight (kg); H: height (cm). Lower limit of normal=value−1.64×RSD; upper limit of normal=value+1.64×RSD.

            • TABLE 6

              Percentage of explained variance of existing reference equations on our datasets

              MalesFemales
              TrainingInternal validationExternal validationTrainingInternal validationExternal validation
              Quanjer [12]
               FEF25 L·s−18.4910.17.0114.515.611.2
               FEF50 L·s−119.119.318.026.727.427.6
               FEF75 L·s−143.443.055.150.951.356.3
               FEF25–75 L·s−132.330.637.241.942.342.1
              GLI [13]
               FEF75 L·s−147.446.355.153.053.658.3
               FEF25–75 L·s−132.832.038.242.542.742.9

              Data are presented as %. FEFx: forced expiratory flow at 25%, 50%, 75% and 25–75% of forced vital capacity.

              Supplementary Materials

              • Figures
              • Tables
              • Supplementary Material

                Please note: supplementary material is not edited by the Editorial Office, and is uploaded as it has been supplied by the author.

                Supplementary material 00426-2020.SUPPLEMENT

              PreviousNext
              Back to top
              Vol 6 Issue 4 Table of Contents
              ERJ Open Research: 6 (4)
              • Table of Contents
              • Index by author
              Email

              Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on European Respiratory Society .

              NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

              Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
              Predicted values for the forced expiratory flow adjusted for forced vital capacity, a descriptive study
              (Your Name) has sent you a message from European Respiratory Society
              (Your Name) thought you would like to see the European Respiratory Society web site.
              CAPTCHA
              This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
              Print
              Citation Tools
              Predicted values for the forced expiratory flow adjusted for forced vital capacity, a descriptive study
              Claire A. Cox, Judith M. Vonk, Huib A.M. Kerstjens, Maarten van den Berge, Nick H.T. ten Hacken
              ERJ Open Research Oct 2020, 6 (4) 00426-2020; DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00426-2020

              Citation Manager Formats

              • BibTeX
              • Bookends
              • EasyBib
              • EndNote (tagged)
              • EndNote 8 (xml)
              • Medlars
              • Mendeley
              • Papers
              • RefWorks Tagged
              • Ref Manager
              • RIS
              • Zotero
              Share
              Predicted values for the forced expiratory flow adjusted for forced vital capacity, a descriptive study
              Claire A. Cox, Judith M. Vonk, Huib A.M. Kerstjens, Maarten van den Berge, Nick H.T. ten Hacken
              ERJ Open Research Oct 2020, 6 (4) 00426-2020; DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00426-2020
              del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Technorati logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Connotea logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
              Full Text (PDF)

              Jump To

              • Article
                • Abstract
                • Abstract
                • Introduction
                • Methods
                • Results
                • Discussion
                • Supplementary material
                • Acknowledgements
                • Footnotes
                • References
              • Figures & Data
              • Info & Metrics
              • PDF

              Subjects

              • Lung structure and function
              • Tweet Widget
              • Facebook Like
              • Google Plus One

              More in this TOC Section

              Original articles

              • Endobronchial autologous BM-MSCs in IPF patients
              • Effect of β-blockers on the risk of COPD exacerbations
              • Recurrence of symptoms after childhood LRTI
              Show more Original articles

              Lung function

              • Period and cohort effects
              • Infant lung function and physical activity in pregnancy
              • Infant lung function
              Show more Lung function

              Related Articles

              Navigate

              • Home
              • Current issue
              • Archive

              About ERJ Open Research

              • Editorial board
              • Journal information
              • Press
              • Permissions and reprints
              • Advertising

              The European Respiratory Society

              • Society home
              • myERS
              • Privacy policy
              • Accessibility

              ERS publications

              • European Respiratory Journal
              • ERJ Open Research
              • European Respiratory Review
              • Breathe
              • ERS books online
              • ERS Bookshop

              Help

              • Feedback

              For authors

              • Instructions for authors
              • Publication ethics and malpractice
              • Submit a manuscript

              For readers

              • Alerts
              • Subjects
              • RSS

              Subscriptions

              • Accessing the ERS publications

              Contact us

              European Respiratory Society
              442 Glossop Road
              Sheffield S10 2PX
              United Kingdom
              Tel: +44 114 2672860
              Email: journals@ersnet.org

              ISSN

              Online ISSN: 2312-0541

              Copyright © 2023 by the European Respiratory Society