Figures
- FIGURE 1
The path diagram with two mediators: height growth and lung function at age 18 years. #: asthma status at age 10 years, height at age 10 years, body mass index at age 10 years, socioeconomic status at age 10 years, birth weight status and maternal smoking during pregnancy; ¶: smoking at age 18 years.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Comparison of the analytical subsample (n=888) with the whole Isle of Wight (IOW) cohort (n=1261) with regard to age of onset of pubertal event, lung function and height
Variables Cohort samples Subsamples p-value Subjects n 1261 888 Age of pubertal events years Female Breast growth 12.43±1.58 12.45±1.58 0.87 Body hair growth 12.25±1.43 12.26±1.41 0.91 Growth spurt 12.52±1.70 12.54±1.70 0.90 Skin changes 13.11±1.50 13.06±1.50 0.55 Menarche 12.72±1.42 12.72±1.37 0.95 Male Body hair growth 13.41±1.37 13.28±1.34 0.10 Growth spurt 13.72±1.67 13.58±1.64 0.14 Voice deepening 14.24±1.24 14.14±1.21 0.14 Facial hair growth 15.38±1.16 15.28±1.15 0.11 Skin changes 13.99±1.38 13.97±1.36 0.81 Lung function age 26 years L Female FVC 4.24±0.54 4.27±0.54 0.32 FEV1 3.42±0.43 3.44±0.42 0.49 Male FVC 5.85±0.82 5.88±0.81 0.58 FEV1 4.61±0.72 4.63±0.71 0.67 Height cm Female Age 10 139.10±6.47 139.10±6.40 0.92 Age 18 164.70±6.33 164.80±6.17 0.78 Male Age 10 139.00±5.89 139.10±5.84 0.74 Age 18 178.20±6.87 177.90±6.63 0.42 Data are presented as mean±sd unless otherwise stated. FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s.
- TABLE 2
Statistically significant effects of age of pubertal events onset on lung function at age 26 years through height growth and lung function at age 18 years in females in the Isle of Wight (IOW) cohort, further tested in the replication cohort, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)
Cohort Age of onset of pubertal events Lung function Total effect# Direct effect# Indirect effect# Est (95% CI) p-value Est (95% CI) p-value Est (95% CI) p-value IOW Menarche FVC 0.18 (0.09–0.28) 1.71×10−4 0.05 (−0.03–0.14) 0.198 0.13 (0.05–0.20) 1.28×10−3 Body hair growth FVC 0.14 (0.04–0.23) 4.27×10−3 0.06 (−0.02–0.13) 0.140 0.08 (0.01–0.15) 0.017 Menarche FEV1 0.21 (0.11–0.30) 1.88×10−5 0.12 (0.04–0.20) 5.15×10−3 0.09 (0.01–0.17) 0.028 Body hair growth FEV1 0.13 (0.03–0.23) 8.01×10−3 0.06 (−0.02–0.13) 0.122 0.07 (0.01–0.14) 0.043 ALSPAC Menarche FVC 0.25 (0.21–0.30) <10−31 0.05 (0.00–0.10) 0.054 0.21 (0.17–0.24) <10−31 Body hair growth¶ FVC 0.16 (0.12–0.20) 5.99×10−14 0.02 (−0.01–0.06) 0.252 0.13 (0.11–0.16) <10−31 Menarche FEV1 0.25 (0.21–0.29) <10−31 0.05 (0.00–0.10) 0.066 0.20 (0.17–0.24) <10−31 Body hair growth FEV1 0.15 (0.11–0.19) 1.67×10−12 0.02 (−0.02–0.06) 0.570 0.13 (0.11–0.17) <10−31 For the IOW, only statistically significant results are included in the table. Est: regression coefficient estimate; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s. #: unit for all the regression coefficients is L·year−1 representing expected lung function change for 1-year increase in pubertal age; ¶: age at body hair growth is identified by age at attainment of Tanner stage >2 in ALSPAC cohort. Bold indicates statistically significant p-values.
- TABLE 3
Statistically significant effects of age of pubertal events onset on lung function at age 26 years through height growth and lung function at age 18 years in males in the Isle of Wight (IOW) cohort, further tested in the replication cohort, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)
Cohort Age of onset of pubertal events Lung function Total effect# Direct effect# Indirect effect# Est (95% CI) p-value Est (95% CI) p-value Est (95% CI) p-value IOW Body hair growth FVC 0.15 (0.04–0.25) 5.77×10−3 0.07 (−0.01–0.15) 0.078 0.08 (0.01–0.15) 0.047 Growth spurt FVC 0.13 (0.02–0.24) 0.017 0.04 (−0.04–0.12) 0.282 0.09 (0.01–0.17) 0.034 Facial hair growth FVC 0.18 (0.08–0.28) 5.35×10−4 0.09 (0.01–0.16) 0.026 0.09 (0.02–0.16) 0.014 ALSPAC Body hair growth¶ FVC 0.07 (0.02–0.12) 0.006 0.03 (−0.02–0.08) 0.219 0.04 (0.01–0.07) 0.003 For the IOW, only statistically significant results are included in the table. Est: regression coefficient estimate; FVC: forced vital capacity. #: unit for all the regression coefficients is L·year−1 representing expected lung function change for 1-year increase in pubertal age. ¶: in the IOW cohort, mediation effects were observed for FVC only. Thus, in the replication cohort ALSPAC, only FVC was evaluated. The ages of growth spurt and facial hair growth were not available in ALSPAC. Age at body hair growth is identified by age at attainment of Tanner stage >2 in ALSAPC cohort. Bold indicates statistically significant p-values.
Supplementary Material
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Supplementary material 00535-2020.SUPPLEMENT
