Abstract
Background Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a frequently used method for the evaluation of the cardiorespiratory system. The prognostic relevance of the measured parameters is commonly known. Longitudinal data on cardiorespiratory fitness in a large sample of well-characterised healthy volunteers are rare in the literature.
Methods CPET data of 615 healthy individuals who voluntarily took part in the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) at three different measurement times were analysed. The median observation time was 10.5 years. The age range was 25–85 years.
Results Over the observed timeframe and with increasing age, a decline in maximum power, peak oxygen uptake (V′O2peak) and oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold (V′O2@AT) was detectable. This decline was aggravated with increasing age. For the minute ventilation (V′E)/carbon dioxide production (V′CO2) slope, an increase was measured in individuals aged ≥50 years only.
Conclusion The present study affirms the decrease in aerobic capacity with increasing age in a selected, well-characterised, healthy study sample, which seems to be less pronounced in females.
Abstract
A 10-year follow-up of the Study of Health in Pomerania affirms the decrease in aerobic capacity with increasing age in a selected, well-characterised, healthy study sample, which seems to be less pronounced in females https://bit.ly/3pIJmpM
Introduction
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is used in clinical practice to measure pulmonary, cardiac and musculoskeletal function to assess the severity of an existing disorder. Several parameters of cardiorespiratory fitness assessed by CPET (e.g. peak oxygen uptake (V′O2peak), oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold (V′O2@AT), oxygen pulse and breathing efficiency expressed as the minute ventilation (V′E)/carbon dioxide production (V′CO2) slope) are known to have prognostic relevance. Hence, they are used for risk stratification in patients with cardiorespiratory diseases [1].
In addition to its clinical application, CPET is used in epidemiological studies. For example, high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness are related to a lower risk of mortality [2–4] and cardiovascular diseases [5, 6]. The Norwegian HUNT study demonstrated a cross-sectional association between objectively measured V′O2peak and levels of conventional cardiovascular risk factors in volunteers aged 20–90 years (2368 males and 2263 females) [7]. Further cross-sectional studies confirmed age and sex as important determinants of cardiorespiratory fitness [8–10], and consistently confirmed higher age to be related to lower levels of aerobic fitness. Another study in 751 males and females aged 20–85 years reported a linear decrease (8% per decade) in V′O2peak for both sexes, starting from the age of 30 years [11]. Likewise, a linear decrease in aerobic capacity (V′O2peak and V′O2@AT) was seen in 298 males and females aged 55–86 years [12]. In a much larger study that analysed data of 4494 volunteers, a decline in V′O2peak of almost 50% was found for both sexes in a younger age group (20–29 years) compared with an older age group (70–79 years), i.e. a decline of 10% per decade [13]. The decline in aerobic capacity of 10% per decade was finally confirmed in a meta-analysis of 17 cross-sectional studies [14]. Another meta-analysis of 242 studies with 13 828 male subjects [15] showed no significant difference in the decrease of V′O2peak over time depending on age or physical activity. In contrast, a meta-analysis of 109 studies with 4484 female subjects found a greater decrease in aerobic capacity with age in physically active females [16]. The decrease in V′O2peak and oxygen pulse with higher age was also confirmed in a further meta-analysis [17].
Smaller longitudinal studies confirmed the finding of a decrease in aerobic capacity with increasing age (overview in Hawkins and Wiswell [14]). For example, in one study that initially included 441 volunteers aged 55–85 years, only 115 were examined after 10 years and only data from 62 were included in the analyses. Among this very selected study sample, however, V′O2peak decreased by 14% in males compared with only 7% in females [18]. Furthermore, three population-based longitudinal studies (375 females and 435 males, age 21–87 years, median observation 7.9 years [19]; 339 females and 253 males, age 53–87 years, median observation 6.3 years [20]; 579 males, age 42–60 years, median observation 11 years [21]) demonstrated a decrease of V′O2peak of ∼10% per decade for both sexes.
In summary, it can be concluded that in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies an age-related decrease in aerobic capacity has been consistently observed for both sexes. However, available data from longitudinal studies in volunteers were often limited by small sample sizes (mostly n<100). Up to now, only two population-based longitudinal larger studies with multiple measurement times are available [19, 20]. Only Fleg et al. [19] report data over a wide age range (21–87 years), obtained between 1978 and 1998 as part of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.
The aim of our study was to analyse the course of aerobic capacity in a large sample of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) between 2002 and 2019, under consideration of a wide age range and at three different measurement times.
Methods
Description of the samples
SHIP is a population-based study, conducted in a region in north-eastern Germany (West Pomerania) with about 213 000 inhabitants. The methodological approaches have already been described in detail previously [22, 23]. In brief, the first examination (SHIP-0) included 4308 subjects (response rate 68.8%) around the cities of Greifswald and Stralsund, and was carried out between 1997 and 2001. Between 2002 and 2006, still-living participants were invited to the first follow-up examination (SHIP-1) and 3300 (corresponding to a response rate of 83.6%) could be examined. At this time-point, both pulmonary function testing and CPET were offered for the first time on a voluntary basis. A total of 1703 (51.6%) subjects participated in CPET. The second follow-up examination (SHIP-2) was conducted between 2008 and 2012, with 2333 subjects (response rate 67.4%) being included. Among those, a total of 1442 (61.8%) subjects volunteered to participate in CPET. During the third follow-up examination (SHIP-3) a total of 1718 subjects (response rate 39.9%) were examined between 2014 and 2019, 1066 (62.0%) of whom received CPET.
Data of 615 subjects (317 males and 298 females) who participated in CPET at all three examination points were available for our analyses (figure 1). The median observation time was 10.5 years.
Flowchart of the study population. SHIP: Study of Health in Pomerania; CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise testing.
The study conformed to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki as reflected by the approval by the Ethics Committee of the University of Greifswald.
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing
The method used in SHIP for CPET has been described in detail previously [24, 25]. In brief, symptom-limited CPET was performed according to a modified Jones protocol using a calibrated electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer (Ergoselect 100; Ergoline, Bitz, Germany). Gas exchanges were measured breath-by-breath using an Oxycon Pro with a Rudolf mask (Jäger/Viasys Healthcare, Hoechberg, Germany).
In SHIP-1 and SHIP-2, the assessment of V′O2peak, V′O2@AT, oxygen pulse and V′E/V′CO2 slope was based on the printout, while in SHIP-3 these parameters were assessed using a computer-aided algorithm. Therefore, a “correction formula” had to be applied, which was developed based on a random sample of SHIP-1 (n=446) and SHIP-2 (n=606) by comparing the values derived by the original printout-based method with those calculated by a double determination using the computer-assisted method. Differences for V′O2@AT and V′E/V′CO2 slope were calculated by linear regression and applied to the data for correction: V′O2@AT: SHIP-1 149.04+0.83×V′O2@AT, SHIP-2 104.67+0.93×V′O2@AT; V′E/V′CO2 slope: SHIP-1 5.11+0.78×V′E/V′CO2 slope, SHIP-2 −0.29+0.93×V′E/V′CO2 slope.
Statistical analyses
To describe differences between participants and nonparticipants at the follow-up examinations, we compared these two groups by median (interquartile range (IQR)) for continuous baseline data and by absolute number (percentage) for categorical baseline data. The progression of continuous variables over the three time-points (i.e. SHIP-1, SHIP-2 and SHIP-3) is described by box plots (median, IQR and minimum–maximum range) and the progression of categorical variables is given by bar plots. Differences in continuous variables between SHIP-1 and SHIP-3 were evaluated by the t-test for paired data (continuous data) or McNemar's test (categorical data). Stratified by sex, we associated age with 5- and 10-year changes of maximal power, V′O2peak, V′O2@AT, V′E/V′CO2 slope and oxygen pulse by linear regression models. For V′O2peak we furthermore calculated expected values at the 5- and 10-year follow-up using the median formulas described by Gläser et al. [25]. The expected V′O2peak values were calculated by dividing the coefficient for age from the reported formulas multiplied by the respective individual follow-up time from the V′O2peak value observed in SHIP-1, e.g. in males the formula for median V′O2peak from Gläser et al. [25] was V′O2peak (mL·min−1)=254.761–22.6925×age (years)+17.2463×height (cm)+4.4114×weight (kg), assuming that in males V′O2peak decreases by 22.6925 mL·min−1·year−1. For calculation of the predicted value we took the V′O2peak value at baseline and subtracted 22.6925 mL·min−1·year−1 of follow-up. The observed values in SHIP-2 and SHIP-3 were associated with the expected values in SHIP-2 and SHIP-3, respectively, and the R2-values were calculated. These calculations were conducted in the total population as well as sex stratified. A p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant in all calculations. Analyses were performed with Stata version 16.1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA).
Results
In table 1 we compare the baseline characteristics of the 615 individuals who participated at all three time-points with the baseline characteristics of the 1087 individuals who did not participate at all three time-points. Individuals participating at all three time-points were slightly younger, were more often male but less often smokers, had a lower body mass index (BMI), and less often had type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, stroke and myocardial infarction than individuals not available at all three time-points. Baseline markers of lung function and CPET tended to be better in individuals attending CPET examinations at all three time-points.
Baseline characteristics stratified by participation at follow-up
Of the 615 individuals available at all three time-points, 141 individuals were 25–39 years old at baseline, 328 individuals were 40–59 years old and 146 individuals were 60–85 years old. The percentage of current smokers decreased from 20.5% at baseline (SHIP-1) to 14.8% and 13.4% at the first (5-year; SHIP-2) and second (10-year; SHIP-3) follow-ups, respectively (figure 2a and b). The decrease from baseline to the first follow-up was significant (p<0.001), but not the decrease from the first to the second follow-up (p=0.108). The median BMI increased from 25.9 to 27.0 and 27.3 kg·m−2 at the first and second follow-ups, respectively (figure 2c and d). Increases from baseline to the first follow-up and between the first and the second follow-up were statistically significant (p<0.001). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes increased from 5.0% at baseline to 7.6% (p<0.001) and 9.1% (p=0.035) at the first and second follow-ups, respectively. Likewise, the prevalence of arterial hypertension increased from 39.2% to 50.2% (p<0.001) and 63.1% (p<0.001) at the first and second follow-ups, respectively. The prevalence of myocardial infarction (baseline 1.6%; first follow-up 2.4% (p=0.063); second follow-up 3.4% (p=0.109)) and stroke (baseline 0.8%; first follow-up 1.6% (p=0.063); second follow-up 3.3% (p=0.007)) increased moderately during follow-up.
Sex-specific development of a, b) smoking status and c, d) body mass index (BMI) over the three time-points in the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP): a, c) males and b, d) females.
While in individuals aged <60 years no decrease in the maximum power was observed until the second follow-up, there was a significant decrease in individuals aged ≥60 years (figure 3, and tables 2 and 3). Overall, the mean maximum power decreased until the first follow-up from 165 to 160 W and afterwards increased again to 165 W during the second follow-up. The mean V′O2peak decreased significantly in the group of individuals aged ≥40 years over the whole study period, whereas in younger individuals only a slight decrease was observed (figure 4, and tables 2 and 3). In males the mean V′O2peak decreased from 2507 mL·min−1 at baseline to 2339 and 2263 mL·min−1 at the first and second follow-ups, respectively, corresponding to a mean decrease of 8.5% over the 10 years of follow-up. In females the mean V′O2peak decreased from 1678 mL·min−1 at baseline to 1573 mL·min−1 at the first follow-up and afterwards slightly increased to 1614 mL·min−1 during the second time period. Over the 10 years of follow-up the mean V′O2peak decreased by 3.1% in females. The mean V′O2@AT decreased in all age and sex groups over the whole study period except for females aged ≥65 years (figure 5). Significant decreases were only observed in males aged ≥60 years and females aged <40 years (table 2). Overall, there was a decrease in the mean V′O2@AT in the first time period, while in the second time period the mean values slightly increased in males and females (table 3). For the V′E/V′CO2 slope the mean values increased significantly only in individuals aged ≥50 years (figure 6, and tables 2 and 3). While there was an increase of the mean V′E/V′CO2 slope during the first follow-up, the mean V′E/V′CO2 slope values decreased between the first and second follow-ups in males and females. The mean maximum oxygen pulse decreased significantly in individuals aged ≥40 years over the whole study period, while only a slight decrease was observed in individuals aged <40 years (figure 7, and tables 2 and 3). In males the mean maximum oxygen pulse decreased in both time periods, whereas in females an increase was observed over the second time period.
Age- and sex-specific changes in maximum power over the three time-points in the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP): a) males and b) females. c) Mean change (Δ) of maximum power over 5 and 10 years for both sexes.
Absolute differences in cardiopulmonary exercise testing marker levels between baseline and second follow-up (10-year change)
Percentual differences in cardiopulmonary exercise testing marker levels between baseline and second follow-up (10-year change)
Age- and sex-specific changes in peak oxygen uptake (V′O2peak) over the three time-points in the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP): a) males and b) females. c) Mean change (Δ) of V′O2peak over 5 and 10 years for both sexes.
Age- and sex-specific changes in oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold (V′O2@AT) over the three time-points in the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP): a) males and b) females. c) Mean change (Δ) of V′O2@AT over 5 and 10 years for both sexes.
Age- and sex-specific changes in breathing efficiency (minute ventilation (V′E)/carbon dioxide production (V′CO2) slope) over the three time-points in the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP): a) males and b) females. c) Mean change (Δ) of breathing efficiency over 5 and 10 years for both sexes.
Age- and sex-specific changes in peak oxygen pulse over the three time-points in the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP): a) males and b) females. c) Mean change (Δ) of peak oxygen pulse over 5 and 10 years for both sexes.
The expected V′O2peak levels for the first follow-up as determined from the formula by Gläser et al. [25] showed a good correlation with the observed V′O2peak levels at the first follow-up (R2=0.73) (figure 8). This correlation was slightly higher in males (R2=0.58) than in females (R2=0.50). The correlation of the expected versus the observed V′O2peak levels for the second follow-up was R2=0.60 (figure 9), and was comparable between males and females (both R2=0.45). Lower V′O2peak levels (1000–2000 mL·min−1) tended to be underestimated, while higher V′O2peak levels (2500 (males) or 1500 (females) mL·min−1) tended to be overestimated.
Correlation between expected and observed peak oxygen uptake (V′O2peak) at the first follow-up (SHIP-2) in the a) total, b) male and c) female population.
Correlation between expected and observed peak oxygen uptake (V′O2peak) at the second follow-up (SHIP-3) in the a) total, b) male and c) female population.
Discussion
At three different measurement points, 615 individuals (317 males and 298 females; age range 25–85 years) were examined with CPET as part of the SHIP epidemiological study. The median observation time was 10.5 years. In summary, males showed a decrease in cardiorespiratory fitness (presented as V′O2peak) of −8.5% over 10 years. Females also showed a decrease in aerobic capacity, but only of −3.1% over 10 years. For the first time the decrease in cardiopulmonary performance with age was proven in a large population-based European study.
This phenomenon (i.e. the age-dependent loss of aerobic capacity) has also been demonstrated in current cross-sectional [26] as well as longitudinal studies [21] with CPET. Studies with other functional methods (age-specific tests in 1288 individuals [27]) and survey data (study on adult health in Germany 2008–2011 [28]) can also be used to prove this phenomenon.
However, this trend is not only evident in older volunteers, but can also be observed in younger volunteers [29–31]. The data on the age-dependent loss of aerobic capacity were mainly obtained from cross-sectional investigations using linear models. However, longitudinal surveys show a disproportionate decrease in aerobic capacity with increasing age [19]: 8–18% for the first 10 years and 15–34% for the following 10 years depending on the amount of training. Our study shows a lower decrease of V′O2peak over 10 years for both males and females in younger age groups (males: 20–39 years, decline −1.6%; 40–59 years, decline −8.1%; ≥60 years, decline −14.9%; females: 20–39 years, increase +0.3%; 40–59 years, decline −2.2%; ≥60 years, decline −10.3%). Data from previous work already indicate that V′O2peak in females declines less than in males in old age [12, 32].
In agreement with other authors, we were able to show statistical significance when comparing calculated and measured values for V′O2peak. The prediction of V′O2peak values for 5 and 10 years based on our data shows a clinically acceptable correlation (r=0.6–0.7 in the whole group). For both sexes, however, higher values of V′O2peak overestimate future results. This aspect should be considered in the evaluation, especially in the context of clinical decisions.
A variety of factors are cited to explain this reduction, including chronic disease, presence of cardiovascular risk factors and lack of physical activity. Physiological factors influencing aerobic capacity (decrease of maximum heart rate, reduced stroke volume, reduction of peripheral arteriovenous exhaustion, reduction of oxidative capacity of working muscles, etc.) also change with increasing age [33–37]. Recently, the age-related factors influencing aerobic capacity were summarised again [38]. Among other things, it was shown that lung functional parameters are involved in the decline of performance over time. This fact could be proven in 3332 individuals aged 18–35 years when the study was repeated after 20 years (2735 participants) [39]. It was found that a greater decrease in fitness was documented in individuals with a greater decrease in lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s or forced vital capacity).
V′O2peak does not drop in the same way between age groups and between females and males. Possible reasons for sex-specific differences may be weight gain, activity, hormones [40, 41], alcohol consumption [42] as well as cardiovascular risk factors and socioeconomic factors [43]. The number of included participants with cardiovascular diseases (myocardial infarction and stroke), except for arterial hypertension, is negligible and therefore does not influence the results of our study.
Limitations
Small deviations of the values are to be assumed by the retrospective introduction of a correction factor with different data collection. In contrast to the compilation of normative values, we included all test individuals in the current analysis, so that those with ventilation disorders, chronic lung or heart diseases known from anamnesis and chronic medication (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System codes C01, C07, C08 and R03) were also included. We tested all subjects with CPET after a modified Jones protocol on the cycle ergometer, with no differences in the decrease of aerobic capacity with increasing age in the literature (cycle ergometer versus treadmill; meta-analysis by Wilson and Tanaka [15]). Cardiorespiratory fitness shows a high association with the socioeconomic status of subjects [43], which we did not consider in our analyses. The measurement of anaerobic threshold shows an interobserver variability in asymptomatic volunteers [44]. This has to be considered when interpreting the results. The nonlinear models used in the literature to describe the course of CPET data were not used due to the short measurement times. In both older analyses [32] and more recent studies [10], they seem to be an alternative to linear models in the representation of age-dependent V′O2peak progressions from cross-sectional studies.
Conclusions
In summary, it can be concluded that a decrease in aerobic capacity is concordantly observed with increasing age in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. In the literature, an exponential decrease is observed over the course of ageing (3–6% per decade for those aged 20–30 years and ∼20% per decade for those aged ≥70 years). These data can be confirmed by our longitudinal study over 10 years (considering the selected age groups). As already shown in previous studies, the age-related decrease seems to be somewhat less pronounced in females.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all individuals who participated in the Study of Health in Pomerania as well as the “SHIP” staff.
Footnotes
Author contributions: All authors made a substantial contribution to the conception and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of the data, and drafting the article and revising it critically for important intellectual content, and gave final approval of the version to be published.
Support statement: The work is part of the Community Medicine Research net (CMR) of the University of Greifswald, Germany, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant numbers ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103 and 01ZZ0403), Competence Network Asthma/COPD (FKZ 01GI0881-0888), the Ministry of Cultural Affairs, and the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. The CMR encompasses several research projects which are sharing data of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (www.ship.community-medicine.de). Funding information for this article has been deposited with the Crossref Funder Registry.
Conflict of interest: B. Stubbe has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: T. Ittermann has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: S. Kaczmarek has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: A. Obst has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: M. Bahls has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: T. Bollmann has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: S. Gläser reports personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche Pharma, Berlin-Chemie, PneumRX, Pulmonx, Actelion Pharma and Bayer Healthcare; and grants and personal fees from Novartis Pharma, all outside the submitted work.
Conflict of interest: H. Völzke has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: M. Dörr has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: R. Ewert has nothing to disclose.
- Received June 4, 2020.
- Accepted November 13, 2020.
- Copyright ©ERS 2021
This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licence 4.0.
References
