Figures
- FIGURE 1
Flowchart of diagnoses in the study population. First, patients were selected based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes. Second, we went through medication histories to identify patients with asthma or COPD without an ICD code. Patients identified by ICD codes did not necessarily use inhaled medication.
- FIGURE 2
Prevalence of COPD and asthma as a percentage of the sample population versus the general population on 10 May 2020 when using the same definition as in our sample population. COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019.
- FIGURE 3
a) Standardised absolute risk of combined end-point for coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in the first 30 days after diagnosis. The lower panel shows the individual parts of the combined end-points. a) Severe COVID-19; b) intensive care unit admission; c) death. ICU: intensive care unit.
- FIGURE 4
Standardised absolute risk showing the relationship between type of chronic disease and risk of the combined end-point of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at day 30 between age 30 and 100 years. The combined end-point is a combination of death, severe respiratory syndrome in COVID-19 by International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 codes and admission to an intensive care unit..
- FIGURE 5
Components of the standardised risk of the combined outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at 30 days by age. Displayed is the absolute risk of the individual components of the combined outcome standardised by age. a) Severe COVID-19; b) intensive care unit admission; c) death.
- FIGURE 6
Risk of severe outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and blood eosinophil values. Displayed are the standardised absolute risks of the combined outcome of COVID-19 given that a patient had low or high levels of blood eosinophils (<0.3×109 or ≥0.3×109 cells·L−1). The estimations displayed are the risks at day 30 after first diagnosis of COVID-19.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Characteristics of included coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) population
Characteristics Asthma COPD No asthma or COPD p-value Subjects n 354 432 4318 Age median (IQR) 47.5 (24.1) 76.8 (13.7) 53.0 (30.0) <0.001 Age groups <0.001 <65 years 291 (82.2) 73 (16.9) 3036 (70.3) 65–74 years 30 (8.5) 118 (27.3) 495 (11.5) ≥75 years 33 (9.3) 241 (55.8) 787 (18.2) Female sex 217 (61.3) 220 (50.9) 2268 (52.5) Household income <0.004 Lowest quartile 79 (22.3) 154 (35.6) 1043 (24.1) Second lowest quartile 75 (21.2) 176 (40.7) 1025 (23.7) Second highest quartile 95 (26.8) 75 (17.4) 1106 (25.6) Highest quartile 105 (29.7) 27 (6.2) 1144 (26.5) Highest completed education <0.001 Upper or lower secondary school 85 (24.0) 188 (43.5) 1096 (25.4) Vocational upper secondary school 108 (30.5) 182 (42.1) 1616 (37.4) Medium-cycle higher education or bachelors' degree 109 (30.8) 49 (11.3) 1100 (25.5) Long-cycle higher education 52 (14.7) 13 (3.0) 506 (11.7) Civil status Single 116 (32.8) 217 (50.2) 1544 (35.8) <0.001 Married or cohabiting 238 (67.2) 215 (49.8) 2774 (64.2) Origin Danish 281 (79.4) 392 (90.7) 3518 (81.5) <0.001 Immigrants or immigrants' descendants 73 (20.6) 40 (9.3) 800 (18.5) Comorbidities Ischaemic heart disease 10 (2.8) 98 (22.7) 271 (6.3) <0.001 Previous myocardial infarction 9 (2.5) 96 (22.2) 232 (5.4) <0.001 Heart failure 7 (2.0) 83 (19.2) 147 (3.4) <0.001 Atrial fibrillation or flutter 27 (7.6) 139 (32.2) 474 (11.0) <0.001 Cerebral vascular disease 13 (3.7) 91 (21.1) 276 (6.4) <0.001 Diabetes 34 (9.6) 109 (25.2) 455 (10.5) <0.001 Chronic kidney disease 7 (2.0) 63 (14.6) 214 (5.0) <0.001 Blood eosinophil count# ×109 cells·L−1 mean±sd 0.17±0.21 0.15±0.14 0.13±0.17 <0.001 Treatment¶ Short-acting β-agonists 112 (31.6) 169 (39.1) 98 (2.3) <0.001 Long-acting β-agonists 130 (36.7) 260 (60.2) 23 (0.5) <0.001 Long-acting muscarinergic antagonists 17 (4.8) 200 (46.3) 10 (0.2) <0.001 Inhaled corticosteroids 178 (50.3) 187 (43.3) 40 (0.9) <0.001 Leukotriene receptor antagonists 42 (11.9) 12 (2.8) 0 (0) <0.001 Antihistamines 67 (18.9) 47 (10.9) 261 (6.0) <0.001 Systemic corticosteroids 41 (11.6) 90 (20.8) 156 (3.6) <0.001 Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise stated. Total n=5104. IQR: interquartile range. #: out of the total population, 2923 patients with COVID-19 had blood eosinophil counts within the last 5 years. ¶: frequency of different types of medication from the last 12 months were estimated; if a patient received combination therapy, for example inhaled corticosteroids and a long-acting β-agonist, the medications were split up into their generic forms; treatment with systemic corticosteroids was defined as any prescription filled within the last 12 months.
Supplementary Material
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Supplementary material 00594-2020.SUPPLEMENT
