Figures
- FIGURE 1
Flow chart of patient selection. #: idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease, cryptogenic organising pneumonia, acute interstitial pneumonia, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, idiopathic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis and unclassifiable idiopathic interstitial pneumonia.
- FIGURE 2
All-cause in-hospital mortality in patients with acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in relation to body mass index category.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Patients’ characteristics and comorbidities in relation to body mass index (BMI) category
BMI kg·m−2 Underweight
<18.5Low-normal weight
18.5–22.9High-normal weight
23.0–24.9Overweight
25.0–29.9Obese
≥30Missing p-value# Subjects n 1781 5931 2669 2399 374 1629 Age years 15–60 89 (5.0) 315 (5.3) 159 (6.0) 185 (7.7) 83 (22.2) 82 (5.0) <0.001 61–70 353 (19.8) 1191 (20.1) 661 (24.8) 617 (25.7) 93 (24.9) 273 (16.8) 71–80 693 (38.9) 2475 (41.7) 1163 (43.6) 1039 (43.3) 134 (35.8) 657 (40.3) ≥81 639 (35.9) 1913 (32.3) 676 (25.3) 550 (22.9) 46 (12.3) 608 (37.3) Missing 7 (0.4) 37 (0.6) 10 (0.4) 8 (0.3) 18 (4.8) 9 (0.6) Sex <0.001 Male 1028 (57.7) 4344 (73.2) 2113 (79.2) 1791 (74.7) 223 (59.6) 1095 (67.2) Female 753 (42.3) 1587 (26.8) 556 (20.8) 608 (25.3) 151 (40.4) 534 (32.8) Hugh–Jones dyspnoea class <0.001 1 72 (4.0) 309 (5.2) 144 (5.4) 136 (5.7) 26 (7.0) 57 (3.5) 2 93 (5.2) 411 (6.9) 208 (7.8) 192 (8.0) 29 (7.8) 78 (4.8) 3 120 (6.7) 466 (7.9) 231 (8.7) 208 (8.7) 30 (8.0) 82 (5.0) 4 296 (16.6) 1057 (17.8) 513 (19.2) 444 (18.5) 61 (16.3) 240 (14.7) 5 701 (39.4) 2358 (39.8) 1029 (38.6) 928 (38.7) 156 (41.7) 749 (46.0) Missing 499 (28.0) 1330 (22.4) 544 (20.4) 491 (20.5) 72 (19.3) 423 (26.0) Japan Coma Scale score <0.001 0-digit (alert) 1484 (83.3) 5208 (87.8) 2432 (91.1) 2176 (90.7) 344 (92.0) 1329 (81.6) 1-digit (dull) 219 (12.3) 565 (9.5) 186 (7.0) 177 (7.4) 24 (6.4) 232 (14.2) 2- or 3-digit (somnolence or coma) 78 (4.4) 158 (2.7) 51 (1.9) 46 (1.9) 6 (1.6) 68 (4.2) Charlson comorbidity index <0.001 0 870 (48.9) 2962 (49.9) 1380 (51.7) 1254 (52.3) 225 (60.2) 952 (58.4) 1 235 (13.2) 788 (13.3) 358 (13.4) 342 (14.3) 52 (13.9) 204 (12.5) 2 401 (22.5) 1316 (22.2) 588 (22.0) 495 (20.6) 59 (15.8) 311 (19.1) 3–5 153 (8.6) 508 (8.6) 198 (7.4) 209 (8.7) 23 (6.2) 104 (6.4) ≥6 122 (6.9) 357 (6.0) 145 (5.4) 99 (4.1) 15 (4.0) 58 (3.6) Smoking index pack-years <0.001 0 977 (54.9) 2587 (43.6) 1062 (39.8) 934 (38.9) 163 (43.6) 705 (43.3) 1–19 105 (5.9) 425 (7.2) 196 (7.3) 156 (6.5) 23 (6.2) 101 (6.2) 20–39 201 (11.3) 764 (12.9) 346 (13.0) 351 (14.6) 49 (13.1) 150 (9.2) 40–59 182 (10.2) 830 (14.0) 422 (15.8) 354 (14.8) 42 (11.2) 163 (10.0) ≥60 134 (7.5) 648 (10.9) 351 (13.2) 343 (14.3) 44 (11.8) 145 (8.9) Missing 182 (10.2) 677 (11.4) 292 (10.9) 261 (10.9) 53 (14.2) 365 (22.4) Intensive care unit admission 223 (12.5) 812 (13.7) 371 (13.9) 358 (14.9) 73 (19.5) 204 (12.5) 0.004 Emergency unit admission 185 (10.4) 650 (11.0) 285 (10.7) 259 (10.8) 37 (9.9) 167 (10.3) 0.943 Academic hospital 1351 (75.9) 4728 (79.7) 2142 (80.3) 1947 (81.2) 306 (81.8) 1395 (85.6) <0.001 Hospital length of stay days 25 (14–44) 25 (14–42) 24 (14–41) 24 (14–41) 25.5 (15–42) 21 (12–39) 0.259¶ Lung cancer 208 (11.7) 793 (13.4) 383 (14.3) 288 (12.0) 28 (7.5) 137 (8.4) <0.001 COPD 88 (4.9) 312 (5.3) 129 (4.8) 117 (4.9) 20 (5.3) 74 (4.5) 0.863 Chronic heart disease 196 (11.0) 617 (10.4) 245 (9.2) 280 (11.7) 40 (10.7) 186 (11.4) 0.067 Chronic renal failure 74 (4.2) 216 (3.6) 72 (2.7) 63 (2.6) 6 (1.6) 34 (2.1) <0.001 Diabetes mellitus 332 (18.6) 1421 (24.0) 725 (27.2) 697 (29.1) 147 (39.3) 370 (22.7) <0.001 Pneumonia 128 (7.2) 378 (6.4) 191 (7.2) 144 (6.0) 31 (8.3) 123 (7.6) 0.169 Pulmonary embolism 9 (0.5) 30 (0.5) 16 (0.6) 12 (0.5) 1 (0.3) 6 (0.4) 0.912 Noradrenaline 50 (2.8) 165 (2.8) 70 (2.6) 68 (2.8) 15 (4.0) 45 (2.8) 0.799 Azithromycin 242 (13.6) 921 (15.5) 402 (15.1) 380 (15.8) 56 (15.0) 210 (12.9) 0.049 Sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim 966 (54.2) 3620 (61.0) 1680 (62.9) 1567 (65.3) 228 (61.0) 876 (53.8) <0.001 Cyclophosphamide (intravenous) 113 (6.3) 614 (10.4) 351 (13.2) 375 (15.6) 56 (15.0) 182 (11.2) <0.001 Cyclophosphamide (oral) 25 (1.4) 93 (1.6) 43 (1.6) 42 (1.8) 6 (1.6) 16 (1.0) 0.492 Cyclosporin 138 (7.7) 631 (10.6) 338 (12.7) 345 (14.4) 50 (13.4) 152 (9.3) <0.001 Tacrolimus 26 (1.5) 115 (1.9) 49 (1.8) 64 (2.7) 12 (3.2) 15 (0.9) 0.001 Azathioprine 18 (1.0) 101 (1.7) 57 (2.1) 46 (1.9) 5 (1.3) 25 (1.5) 0.097 Pirfenidone 68 (3.8) 265 (4.5) 111 (4.2) 152 (6.3) 23 (6.1) 59 (3.6) <0.001 Nintedanib 21 (1.2) 97 (1.6) 53 (2.0) 47 (2.0) 10 (2.7) 11 (0.7) 0.003 Sivelestat sodium hydrate 182 (10.2) 801 (13.5) 394 (14.8) 379 (15.8) 60 (16.0) 264 (16.2) <0.001 Thrombomodulin α 106 (6.0) 357 (6.0) 170 (6.4) 157 (6.5) 26 (7.0) 95 (5.8) 0.868 Mechanical ventilation 425 (23.9) 1619 (27.3) 787 (29.5) 751 (31.3) 134 (35.8) 500 (30.7) <0.001 Haemodialysis 31 (1.7) 82 (1.4) 28 (1.0) 28 (1.2) 3 (0.8) 19 (1.2) 0.344 Tracheotomy 57 (3.2) 183 (3.1) 86 (3.2) 67 (2.8) 19 (5.1) 47 (2.9) 0.299 Data are presented as n (%) or median (interquartile range), unless otherwise stated. #: all p-values obtained by Chi-squared test; ¶: Kruskal–Wallis test.
- TABLE 2
Multivariable logistic regression analysis for all-cause in-hospital mortality
Adjusted OR 95% CI p-value Body mass index kg·m−2 <18.5 1.25 1.10–1.42 0.001 18.5–22.9 Reference 23.0–24.9 0.92 0.82–1.02 0.122 25.0–29.9 0.98 0.88–1.09 0.706 ≥30.0 0.71 0.54–0.94 0.016 Age years 15–60 Reference 61–70 1.86 1.55–2.29 <0.001 71–80 2.32 1.94–2.77 <0.001 ≥81 2.98 2.47–3.59 <0.001 Sex Female Reference Male 1.37 1.23–1.53 <0.001 Hugh–Jones dyspnoea class 1 Reference 2 1.20 0.94–1.52 0.137 3 1.41 1.12–1.78 0.003 4 2.02 1.62–2.51 <0.001 5 4.91 4.02–6.01 <0.001 Japan Coma Scale score 0-digit (alert) Reference 1-digit (dull) 1.19 1.02–1.39 0.024 2- or 3-digit (somnolence or coma) 0.97 0.73–1.29 0.822 Charlson comorbidity index 0 Reference 1 0.87 0.77–0.98 0.027 2 1.23 1.09–1.38 0.001 3–5 1.06 0.89–1.28 0.503 ≥6 2.60 2.12–3.19 <0.001 Smoking index pack-years 0 Reference 1–19 0.84 0.72–0.98 0.026 20–39 0.82 0.73–0.93 0.002 40–59 0.77 0.67–0.89 <0.001 ≥60 0.78 0.68–0.90 0.001 Intensive care unit admission 0.78 0.67–0.91 0.001 Emergency unit admission 0.79 0.67–0.94 0.007 Academic hospital 0.70 0.63–0.78 <0.001 Lung cancer 2.28 1.94–2.69 <0.001 COPD 0.77 0.63–0.94 0.010 Chronic heart disease 1.05 0.91–1.22 0.484 Chronic renal failure 1.65 1.26–2.16 <0.001 Diabetes mellitus 0.94 0.85–1.03 0.177 Pneumonia 0.97 0.81–1.16 0.724 Pulmonary embolism 0.83 0.48–1.45 0.516 Noradrenaline 0.80 0.62–1.03 0.084 Azithromycin 0.79 0.69–0.89 0.001 Sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim 0.42 0.39–0.46 <0.001 Cyclophosphamide (intravenous) 4.20 3.59–4.91 <0.001 Cyclophosphamide (oral) 2.84 1.99–4.06 <0.001 Cyclosporin 2.31 1.99–2.68 <0.001 Tacrolimus 0.89 0.64–1.22 0.688 Azathioprine 1.77 1.21–2.60 0.003 Pirfenidone 1.13 0.93–1.39 0.223 Nintedanib 0.76 0.57–1.01 0.063 Sivelestat sodium hydrate 1.33 1.13–1.55 <0.001 Thrombomodulin α 3.07 2.35–4.01 <0.001 Mechanical ventilation 4.01 3.54–4.53 <0.001 Haemodialysis 1.26 0.81–1.96 0.305 Tracheotomy 1.82 1.30–2.54 <0.001
Vol 7 Issue 2
Table of Contents
Body mass index and in-hospital mortality in patients with acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
