Figures
- FIGURE 1
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials flow chart.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Baseline characteristics
Characteristic Tai Chi Group walking Usual care Subjects n 36 18 37 Age years 69.6±7.5 66.9±6.7 70.5±9.2 Male sex 17 (47) 9 (50) 27 (73) Race White 28 (78) 12 (67) 27 (73) Black 6 (17) 3 (17) 8 (22) Other/unknown 2 (6) 3 (17) 2 (6) Annual income less than USD 35 000 16 (44) 7 (39) 15 (41) Married or living with partner 13 (36) 8 (44) 18 (49) Unemployed, retired or disabled 32 (89) 16 (89) 35 (95) FEV1 % predicted 48.1±17.9 50.8±24.6 45.7±17.7 GOLD stage Stage 1–2 16 (44) 10 (56) 13 (35) Stage 3–4 20 (56) 8 (44) 24 (65) BODE index 0–2 13 (36) 7 (39) 14 (38) 3–4 16 (44) 4 (22) 14 (38) 5 or greater 7 (19) 7 (39) 9 (24) Regular oxygen use 17 (47) 7 (39) 10 (27) Smoking pack-years 52±33.7 44.9±24.8 54±26.5 Days since completing pulmonary rehabilitation, median (IQR) 35 (99) 62 (120) 72 (126) Charlson Comorbidity Index 7.3±2.5 6.7±2.8 6.4±2.4 Comorbidities Cardiovascular disease 8 (22) 4 (22) 10 (27) Heart failure 6 (17) 2 (11) 7 (19) Cancer 13 (36) 6 (33) 9 (24) Hypertension 24 (67) 10 (56) 25 (68) Limitation of limb# 2 (6) 3 (17) 3 (8) Osteoarthritis, sciatica or chronic back pain 19 (53) 11 (61) 18 (49) Peripheral vascular disease 4 (11) 4 (22) 4 (11) Stroke or cerebrovascular disease 6 (17) 0 4 (11) 6-min walk test distance m 324.7±123.4 365.3±105.6 369.7±104.7 CES-D 12.2±9.2 11.1±8.1 11.3±9.3 Data are presented as n (%) or mean±sd, unless otherwise stated. FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; GOLD: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; BODE: body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea, exercise capacity; IQR: interquartile range; CES-D: Center of Epidemiology Studies–Depression Scale. #: paralysis or weakness.
- TABLE 2
Mean changes in 6-min walk test (6MWT) distance and secondary outcomes
Outcome measure Baseline values Change from baseline to 24 weeks Adjusted mean difference at week 24 Change from baseline to 1 year Adjusted mean difference at 1 year Tai Chi UC Tai Chi UC Effect size Tai Chi UC Effect size 6MWT distance m 324.7±123.4 369.7±104.7 6.8±53.3 −5.1±41.2 0.25 (−0.24–0.73) 3.2 (−21.1–27.4) CRQ dyspnoea 4.97±1.38 5.67±1.01 0.06±1.1 −0.12±1.06 0.17 (−0.31–0.64) −0.17 (−0.66–0.32) −0.16±1.13 −0.31±1.12 0.14 (−0.34–0.61) −0.20 (−0.75–0.35) CRQ fatigue 4.30±1.06 4.91±0.96 0.21±1.03 −0.16±0.83 0.40 (−0.08–0.87) 0.17 (−0.28–0.62) 0.08±0.96 −0.23±0.88 0.33 (−0.15–0.81) 0.10 (−0.31–0.5) CRQ emotion 5.24±1.05 5.51±1.14 −0.06±0.69 0.05±0.63 −0.18 (−0.65–0.3) −0.24 (−0.57–0.1) 0.01±0.91 −0.25±0.78 0.3 (−0.17–0.78) 0.17 (−0.21–0.56) CRQ mastery 5.36±1.44 5.66±1.22 0.14±1.05 −0.14±0.77 0.30 (−0.18–0.77) −0.11 (−0.51–0.3) 0.06±1.29 −0.24±1.04 0.26 (−0.22–0.74) 0.06 (−0.39–0.51) CRQ total 5.01±0.98 5.46±0.93 0.06±0.73 −0.07±0.62 0.20 (−0.27–0.67) −0.08 (−0.42–0.27) −0.01±0.81 −0.26±0.72 0.33 (−0.15–0.81) 0.08 (−0.29–0.45) UCSD shortness of breath 39.54±19.42 29.58±14.7 −0.22±11.24 −0.09±11.78 −0.01 (−0.48–0.46) 2.05 (−4.26–8.37) 2.53±12.65 0.7±14.09 0.14 (−0.34–0.61) 3.79 (−3.27–10.85) COPD self-efficacy 3.38±0.83 3.64±0.78 0.22±0.64 0.02±0.57 0.34 (−0.14–0.81) 0.14 (−0.11–0.39) 0.29±0.6 0.01±0.65 0.46 (−0.02–0.94) 0.21 (−0.06–0.49) CES-D score 12.18±9.22 11.31±9.28 −1.21±4.48 −1.54±4.91 0.07 (−0.4–0.54) 0.83 (−1.23–2.89) −0.82±5.72 −0.37±6.93 −0.07 (−0.55–0.41) 0.13 (−2.51–2.78) MSPSS social support 5.64±1.33 5.72±1.14 0.22±1.26 0.17±1.04 0.04 (−0.43–0.51) −0.06 (−0.44–0.31) 0.33±0.84 0.22±1.03 0.12 (−0.35–0.6) 0 (−0.29–0.3) PSS perceived stress 11.73±6.32 11.1±5.75 −2.47±4.76 −0.27±4.56 −0.47 (−0.95–0.01) −1.40 (−3.51–0.71) −0.10±5.41 0.83±4.97 −0.18 (−0.66–0.3) −0.37 (−2.66–1.92) Resnick exercise self-efficacy 57.59±19.28 66.23±23.56 −10.69±21.52 −2.97±18.62 −0.38 (−0.86–0.09) −11.64 (−21.44–−1.83) −12.2±21.81 −9.34±23.89 −0.13 (−0.6–0.35) −7.05 (−17.01–2.91) Calorie expenditure – moderate intensity 1561±3390 1317±1969 65±2276 614±2636 −0.22 (−0.79–0.35) −242 (−1789–1305) 634±3940 −558±1321 0.41 (−0.18–0.99) 1546 (−20–3111) Daily step count 2623±1597 3205±2265 −404±749 146±1667 −0.43 (−1.01–0.16) −560 (−1190–70) −401±788 −206±1819 −0.14 (−0.72–0.44) −225 (−863–414) Data are presented as mean±sd change or standardised difference (95% CI). Each row represents one model that incorporates all time points. Models adjust for time since completion of pulmonary rehabilitation, supplemental oxygen use, sex and Charlson Comorbidity Index. For measures where higher score means better status, positive values reflect improvement, while negative values indicate deterioration. For measures where higher score reflects worse status, positive values reflect deterioration while negative values indicate improvement. UC: usual care; CRQ: Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire; UCSD: University of California, San Diego; CES-D: Center of Epidemiology Studies–Depression Scale; MSPSS: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; PSS: Perceived Stress Scale.
- TABLE 3
Adherence, physical activity and exercise engagement
Baseline to 12 weeks 12–24 weeks 24 weeks–1 year Tai Chi Group walking Usual care Tai Chi Group walking Usual care Tai Chi Group walking Usual care Adherence Class time, min·week−1 105.3±33.2 82.5±43.4 40.6±16.3 33.1±17.2 Home practice time, min·week−1 80.2±55.2 73.3±48.3 45.7±48.5 40.5±39.8 Physical activity logs, min·week−1 Total 414.9±365.6 249.6±203.0 402.9±295.5 368.3±386.5 240.6±200.3 382.2±372.9 351.8±418.0 319.8±312.2 376.0±329.2 Walking 125.3±141.6 126.2±139.5 173.5±191.9 115.3±159.6 117.0±126.6 183.7±310.8 107.0±131.4 136.0±180.4 160.1±208.5 Stretching exercises 17.6±22.4 21.4±22.9 27.9±38.9 15.2±24.1 16.2±16.7 27.2±35.3 11.9±15.7 26.5±27.5 29.9±41.0 Cardiovascular exercise# 9.3±19.0 2.7±5.3 37.2±51.1 4.9±11.9 1.4±2.6 35.0±66.2 10.3±25.3 7.0±15.0 26.1±38.8 Strength training¶ 20.9±37.0 10.0±15.2 37.5±60.0 18.0±28.5 10.0±18.6 28.1±40.5 19.8±33.0 19.8±26.7 35.0±57.4 Playing sports+ 17.0±62.6 0.2±0.6 4.3±23.0 11.0±32.8 0 1.3±5.0 5.4±13.3 3.2±10.3 1.0±4.7 Heavy housework§ 33.2±69.7 9.2±20.2 22.4±38.6 57.8±172.1 5.6±9.7 19.4±30.6 65.9±231.2 27.3±29.8 22.6±57.5 Light houseworkƒ 132.6±174.3 69.8±63.9 88.2±14.2 95.0±121.3 70.9±73.7 78.6±93.7 96.3±123.9 92.6±108.4 90.7±150.4 Composite exercise engagement, min·week−1 538.7±366.9 396.3±220.7 402.9±295.5 404.7±397.7 306.3±193.2 382.1±373.0 322.2±419.5 319.8±312.2 376.0±329.2 Data are presented as mean±sd. #: e.g. jogging, running, cycling or rowing; ¶: e.g. general conditioning, chair exercises, or using weights or resistance bands; +: e.g. golf, tennis, squash, basketball, football or swimming; §: e.g. washing windows, cleaning gutters, home repairs, mowing lawn, raking leaves or shovelling snow; ƒ: e.g. sweeping, vacuuming, cleaning, watering plants, weeding or planting.
Supplementary Material
Please note: supplementary material is not edited by the Editorial Office, and is uploaded as it has been supplied by the author.
Supplementary material 00025-2021.SUPPLEMENT
