Figures
- FIGURE 1
Flow chart of included individuals.
- FIGURE 2
Overall estimates (regression coefficient and 95% CI): differences in lung function z-score for uncontrolled asthma in comparison to controlled asthma from 8 to 24 years of age. #: adjusted for sex, BMI group, allergic sensitisation, ICS use, current asthma, participant's own smoking and environmental smoke exposure. BMI: body mass index; ICS: inhaled corticosteroid.
- FIGURE 3
Estimates (regression coefficient and 95% CI): for the association between uncontrolled asthma and lung function z-score compared to controlled asthma at 8, 16 and 24 years of age. a) FEV1; b) FVC; c) FEV1/FVC. #: adjusted for sex, BMI group, allergic sensitisation, ICS use, current asthma, participant's own smoking and environmental smoke exposure. BMI: body mass index; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; ICS: inhaled corticosteroid.
- FIGURE 4
a) Association between uncontrolled asthma and lung function measured as z-score (regression coefficient and 95% CI), compared to controlled asthma, stratified for elevated blood eosinophils (B-Eos) ≥0.3×109 cells·L−1. b) Association between uncontrolled asthma and lung function measured as z-score (regression coefficient and 95% CI), compared to controlled asthma, stratified for elevated fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) ≥25 ppb. c) Association between uncontrolled asthma and lung function measured as z-score (regression coefficient and 95% CI), compared to controlled asthma, stratified for allergic sensitisation (positive Phadiatop) at any examination. d) Association between uncontrolled asthma and lung function measured as z-score (regression coefficient and 95% CI), compared to controlled asthma, stratified for never or ever smoking.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Population characteristics at the three examinations
Age at examination 8 years 16 years 24 years Number of participants at Questionnaire 628 616 596 Physical examination 549 551 496 Spirometry 425 471 431 Females, n (%) 326 (52) 329 (53) 327 (55) Fulfilling criteria for asthma, n (%) 290 (46) 399 (66) 382 (64) Fulfilling criteria for asthma males, n (%) 172 (57) 180 (64) 153 (57) Fulfilling criteria for asthma females, n (%) 118 (36) 219 (67) 229 (70) Environmental tobacco smoke exposure, n (%) 104 (16) 81 (14) 73 (14) Own smoking, n (%) – 71 (12) 131 (22) Self-reported ICS use year before examination No, n (%) 420 (67) 397 (65) 425 (72) When needed, n (%) 129 (21) 127 (21) 105 (18) Continuously, n (%) 78 (12) 91 (15) 64 (11) Elevated blood eosinophils ≥0.3×109 cells·L−1, n (%) – 144 (28) 94 (20) Elevated blood eosinophils 16 and/or 24 years, n (%) – 195 (32) Elevated FENO, ≥25 ppb, n (%) – 162 (30) 111 (26) Elevated FENO at 16 and/or 24 years, n (%) – 219 (35) Allergic sensitisation#, n (%) 266 (50) 349 (65) 316 (64) Height, cm, mean (sd) 132 (6.2) Male: 179 (7.4)
Female: 167 (6.6)Male: 182 (8.3)
Female: 168 (6.5)Weight, kg, mean (sd) 30.5 (5.5) Male: 70.4 (11.4)
Female: 62.9 (11.2)Male: 79.4 (14.5)
Female: 67.0 (13.2)BMI categories (IOTF at 8 and 16) Under/normal weight, n (%) 413 (75) 427 (78) 359 (72) Overweight, n (%) 108 (20) 102 (19) 96 (19) Obese, n (%) 27 (5) 20 (4) 41 (8) Mean age in years (sd) 8.45 (0.48) 16.70 (0.39) 22.61 (0.54) BMI: body mass index; FENO: fraction of exhaled NO; IgE: immunoglobulin E; IOTF: International Obesity Task Force. #: allergic sensitisation defined as IgE ≥0.35 kU·L−1 against mould, birch, cat, dog, horse, timothy, mugwort and/or house dust mite.
- TABLE 2
Asthma control and lung function at the three examinations
Examination 8 years n=618 16 years n=590 24 years n=596 Uncontrolled asthma (all), n (%) 195 (32) 188 (32) 227 (38) Uncontrolled asthma (participants with current asthma), n (%) 174 (61) 176 (46) 217 (57) Nightly symptoms (all), n (%) 71 (11) 60 (10) 38 (6) Daytime symptoms (all), n (%) 26 (4) 48 (8) 83 (14) Breathing difficulties affecting daily activities (all), n (%) 129 (21) 82 (14) 145 (24) Asthma exacerbation (all), n (%) 84 (13) 67 (11) 64 (11) Need for rescue treatment with SABA ≥2/week (all), n (%) 35 (6) 68 (11) 60 (10) Spirometry n=425 n=471 n=431 z-score FEV1 mean (sd) 0.32 (0.90) −0.26 (0.96) −0.38 (0.89) z-score FVC mean (sd) 0.64 (0.90) 0.12 (0.95) −0.018 (0.88) z-score FEV1/FVC mean (sd) −0.53 (0.96) −0.60 (1.02) −0.57 (0.96) FEV1 <80% predicted, n (%) 6 (1) 30 (6) 33 (7) FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; SABA: short-acting bronchodilator.
Supplementary Material
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Figure S1 00179-2021.figureS1
Table S1 00179-2021.tableS1
Table S2 00179-2021.tableS2
Table S3 00179-2021.tableS3
Table S4 00179-2021.tableS4
