Figures
- FIGURE 1
Selection flow chart for patients with stable COPD and non-COPD control subjects. PE: pulmonary embolism; DVT: deep vein thrombosis; ACOS: Asthma COPD overlap syndrome.
- FIGURE 2
Levels of fibrinogen FII, FV, FVIII and FX, and D-dimers in control subjects (n=42) and patients with stable COPD (n=103). Boxplots display median with interquartile range and whiskers show minimum and maximum values (*p<0.05, **p<0.001, Mann–Whitney test).
- FIGURE 3
Levels of coagulation inhibitors antithrombin (AT) and protein S in control subjects (n=42) and patients with stable COPD (n=103). Boxplots display median with interquartile range and whiskers show minimum and maximum values (*p<0.05, **p<0.001, Mann–Whitney test).
- FIGURE 4
Levels of coagulation factors II, V, VIII and X in control subjects (n=42) and Groups A–D of patients with stable COPD (n=103), classified according to GOLD COPD 2021 guidelines (*p<0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test). Group A, n=28; Group B, n=27; Group C, n=15; Group D, n=33.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Baseline characteristics and comorbidities of patients with stable COPD and control subjects
Control group COPD p-value# Subjects n 42 103 Demographic factors Age years 62.52±8.76 62.91±7.27 0.638 Male sex n (%) 40 (96) 100 (97) 0.723 Current smokers n (%) 20 (47.6) 43 (41.7) 0.452 Pack-years 30 (20–48) 60 (50–80) 0.001 BMI 29.4 (26.2–32.5) 26.9 (24.7–29.7) 0.015 Spirometric parameters FEV1 % 97.74±15.98 55.80±16.85 <0.001 FEV1 L 3.26 (2.66–3.56) 1.56 (1.22–2.02) <0.001 FEV1/FVC % 83 (78–86) 61 (51–68) 0.001 RV 101±14 114±25 <0.001 TLC 93±10 87±14 0.007 DLCOSB 84±10 56±22 0.001 Comorbidities HEART score 5 (3–7) 5 (4–7) 0.314 Cardiovascular risk 5 (4–5) 5 (4–5) 0.253 Charlson comorbidity index 3 (2–3) 3 (2–3) 0.129 Arterial hypertension n (%) 28 (66.7) 58 (56.3) 0.270 Diabetes n (%) 8 (19) 19 (18.4) 0.993 Dyslipidaemia n (%) 20 (47.6) 37 (35.9) 0.197 Laboratory biomarkers Neutrophils/μL 4300 (3235–5280) 5040 (4130–5940) 0.018 WBC/μL 6970 (6065–8760) 8030 (6590–9570) 0.030 ESR mm·h−1 15 (11–20) 19 (13–27) 0.010 CRP mg·L−1 4 (2–5) 4 (3–8) 0.128 Ferritin ng·mL−1 98 (38–159) 108 (59–156) 0.323 Uric acid mg·dL−1 6 (5.1–7.2) 5.9 (5.2–6.8) 0.752 LDL mg·dL−1 115.1±31.5 129.9±38.4 0.022 Glucose mg·dL−1 98 (88–108) 100 (91–113) 0.162 HbA1c % 5.9 (5.55–6.25) 5.8 (5.5–6.3) 0.995 Insulin mIU·L−1 7.2 (4.7–10.7) 8 (4.7–12) 0.515 HOMA-IR 1.6 (1.2–3.2) 1.9 (1–3) 0.972 n=145. All values are presented as mean±sd, median (interquartile range) or n (%). sd: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; RV: residual volume; TLC: total lung capacity; DLCOSB: diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide; WBC: white blood cells; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: C-reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c %: glycated haemoglobin %; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance. #: Mann–Whitney U-test.
- TABLE 2
Coagulation factor levels in patients with stable COPD and control subjects
Coagulation factor levels Control group COPD p-value# Subjects n 42 103 Fibrinogen mg·dL−1 346±65 399±82 <0.001 FII % 109±19 122±22 0.004 FV % 112±19 131±25 0.015 FVII % 108±19 115±23 0.113 FVIII % 122±20 143±32 <0.001 FIX % 111 (106–123) 116 (108–126) 0.126 FX % 98 (88–107) 111 (94–134) 0.002 D-dimers ng·mL−1 240 (180–400) 360 (230–600) 0.001 INR 1.01 (0.95–1.05) 1.00 (0.93–1.05) 0.853 PT s 14.1 (13.1–14.5) 13.7 (12.8–14.4) 0.184 aPTT s 29.8±3.0 28.2±3.4 0.515 Free protein S antigen % 116 (98–121) 95 (85–105) <0.001 Protein C % 116.2±17.1 112.6±18.1 0.150 Antithrombin % 102.3±13.2 94.4±11.5 0.001 n=145. All values are presented as mean±sd or median (interquartile range). sd: standard deviation; PT: prothrombin time; aPTT: activated partial thromboplastin time. #: Mann–Whitney U-test.
- TABLE 3
Associations of fibrinogen, FII, FV, FVIII, FX, protein S, antithrombin (AT) and D-dimers with spirometric stages, GOLD ABCD groups, CAT score and number of exacerbations in patients with stable COPD
n (%) I II V VIII X Protein S AT D-dimers FEV1 % predicted ≥50% 62 (60.2) 403±82 117±17 127±24 144 (110–156) 102 (86–118) 95 (83–107) 94±11.7 375 (230–560) <50% 41 (39.2) 391±81 130±27 138±24 154 (126–182) 124 (110–143) 95 (85–105) 95±11.3 350 (200–630) p-value# 0.574 0.003 0.018 0.729 0.001 0.656 0.813 0.696 GOLD groups A 28 (27.2) 407±84 114±17 123±22 135±29 94 (88–113) 95 (88–112) 94 (89–100) 340 (252–470) B 27 (26.2) 397±82 116±16 133±27 140±33 122 (95–137) 91 (76–104) 94 (89–97) 450 (240–750) C 15 (14.6) 420±75 129±22 133±22 145±28 128 (108–140) 98 (95–109) 96 (94–101) 330 (220–780) D 33 (32) 383±83 130±27 135±26 150±33 114 (102–139) 95 (80–105) 94 (85–103) 360 (225–630) p-value¶ 0.482 0.017 0.147 0.180 0.002 0.177 0.770 0.529 CAT score <10 43 (41.7) 389±82 120±20 127±22 140(117–159) 101 (90–128) 96 (92–109) 94 (89–101) 330 (250–530) ≥10 60 (58.3) 411±80 124±24 134±26 153(117–170) 118 (100–138) 94.5 (77–104) 94 (87–100) 420 (230–655) p-value# 0.199 0.418 0.066 0.167 0.034 0.033 0.608 0.304 Exacerbations <2 78 (75.7) 399±81 114±16 124±23 144 (117–167) 99 (89–123) 95±19 94±12 380 (248–618) ≥2 25 (24.3) 397±85 127±24 136±25 158 (120–170) 121 (101–139) 94±17 96±11 340 (225–535) p-value# 0.866 0.005 0.018 0.368 0.003 0.714 0.512 0.593 n=103. GOLD: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; CAT: COPD assessment test; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; #: Mann–Whitney U-test; ¶: Kruskal–Wallis test.
Supplementary Material
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Supplementary material 00297-2021.figureS1
Supplementary material 00297-2021.figureS2
Supplementary material 00297-2021.figureS3
Supplementary material 00297-2021.supplement
