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Home monitoring of physiology and symptoms to detect interstitial lung disease exacerbations and progression: a systematic review

Malik A. Althobiani, Rebecca A. Evans, Jaber S. Alqahtani, Abdulelah M. Aldhahir, Anne-Marie Russell, John R. Hurst, Joanna C. Porter
ERJ Open Research 2021 7: 00441-2021; DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00441-2021
Malik A. Althobiani
1UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
2Dept of Respiratory Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Rebecca A. Evans
3University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Jaber S. Alqahtani
1UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
4Dept of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Abdulelah M. Aldhahir
5Respiratory Care Dept, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Anne-Marie Russell
6University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, Exeter, UK
7These authors contributed equally
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John R. Hurst
1UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
7These authors contributed equally
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Joanna C. Porter
1UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
7These authors contributed equally
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  • For correspondence: joanna.porter@ucl.ac.uk
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    PRISMA flow diagram.

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  • TABLE 1

    Use of Cochrane risk of bias tool to assess quality of randomised controlled trials

    StudyRandom sequence generationAllocation concealmentSelective reportingBlinding subject and personnelBlinding outcome assessmentIncomplete outcome dataOther source of bias
    Maher et al.
    (2020) [38]
    LowLowLowLowLowLowUnclear
    Moor et al. (2020) [30]LowLowLowHighHighLowUnclear
  • TABLE 2

    Use of Newcastle–Ottawa tool to assess the quality of cohort studies

    StudyRepresentativeness of exposed cohortSelection of non-exposed cohortAscertainment of all-causeOutcome not present at the start of studyComparability of cohortAssessment of outcomeAdequate follow-up durationAdequate follow-up rateScoreQuality
    Russell et al. (2016) [31]101120117Good
    Johannson et al. (2017) [20]101111117Good
    Veit et al. (2020) [32]101121118Good
    Edwards et al. (2020) [39]001121117Good
    Moor et al. (2019) [45]101101116Fair
    Moor et al. (2018) [40]101121118Good
    Moor et al. (2020) [46]101101116Fair
    Broos et al. (2017) [41]101121118Good
    Marcoux et al. (2019) [28]101121118Good
    Noth et al. (2021) [43]111121119Good
    Moor et al. (2020) [42]101121118Good
  • TABLE 3

    Characteristics of included studies on home monitoring in interstitial lung disease (ILD) patients

    StudySetting/designSample size and characteristicsDisease groupClinic measures/frequencyHome measures/frequencyStudy lengthOutcomeQualityResults
    Moor et al. (2020) [30]NL/RCTn=90
    Age (mean±sd): 71±6.9 years
    Intervention (n=46)
    Male: 39 (85%)
    Age (mean): 70 years
    Control (n=44)
    Male: 43 (98%)
    Age (mean): 72 years
    IPFSpirometry, K-BILD, PESaM, EQ-5D-5L, HADS, VAS, GRC, EQ-VAS (baseline, and at 12 and 24 weeks)FVC (Once daily)
    K-BILD, PESaM, EQ-5D-5L, HADS, VAS, GRC, EQ-VAS (weekly)
    24 weeksInvestigate whether a home monitoring programme improves HRQOL and medication use for patients with IPFModerate(1) Improved psychological well-being compared to standard care alone (mean difference 1.04 points; 95% CI 0.09–2.00; p=0.032)
    (2) Mean change in FVC was not significantly different between hospital-based group (−87.9 mL; range −209 to 33.2 mL) and home monitoring group (−7.9 mL; range −96 to 69.4 mL; p=0.25)
    (3) Correlation between home and hospital spirometry was high at all time-points (r=0.97, p<0.001 at baseline and 12 weeks; r=0.96, p<0.001 at 24 weeks)
    (4) Correlation between slopes was moderately strong (r=0.58; p<0.001)
    Maher et al. (2020) [38]RCTn=253
    Intervention (n=127)
    Age (mean): 70 years (range 61.0–76.0)
    Male: 70 (55%)
    Placebo (n=126)
    Age (mean): 69 years (range 63.0–74.0)
    Male: 69 (55%)
    Unclassifiable ILDSpirometry
    6MWD, UCSD-SOBQ, Leicester Cough Questionnaire, SGRQ (baseline and at 24 weeks)
    FVC (once daily)24 weeksThe mean change in FVC measured by daily home-based spirometry, change in FVC measured by site spirometry, change in 6MWD, change in UCSD-SOBQGood(1) The primary end-point was not adequately analysed due to technical issues resulting in variability in home-based spirometry measurements
    (2) Mean FVC decline measured by clinic spirometry was less in pirfenidone than placebo group (treatment difference 95.3 mL; 95% CI 35.9–154.6, p=0.002)
    Russell et al. (2016) [31]UK/PCSn=50
    Male: 45 (90%)
    Age (mean±sd): 66.7±7.9 years
    IPFSpirometry baseline, and at 3, 6 and 12 monthsFEV1, FVC (once daily)Median: 279 days, range 13–490 daysFeasibility and reliability of measuring daily FVCGood(1) Daily FVC measurement was most predictive for disease progression and mortality when measured at 3 months (hazard ratio 1.04; 95% CI 1.02–1.06; p≤0.001), 6 months (HR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01–1.03; p<0.001), and 12 months (HR 1.012; 95% CI 1.007–1.01; p=0.001); 28 days did not yield a positive correlation
    (2) Regular home measurement of FVC is feasible and reliable
    (3) Home spirometry showed high correlation with hospital-based spirometry
    Johannson et al. (2017) [20]USA/PCSn=25
    Male: 21 (84%)
    Age (mean±sd): 73.6±7.5 years
    IPFSpirometry baseline and at 24 weeksFEV1, FVC (three times per week) UCSD-SOBQ (weekly), dyspnoea-VAS (weekly)24 weeksFeasibility and reliability of measuring FVC and dyspnoeaGood(1) Weekly home measurement of FVC and dyspnoea in patients with IPF is reliable and feasible over 24 weeks
    (2) Mean adherence to weekly home spirometry >90%
    Veit et al. (2020) [32]DE/PCSn=47
    Male: 28 (59.6%)
    Age (mean±sd): 62.7 ±11.5 years
    ILDSpirometry, 6MWD, DLCO, FVC, K-BILD, SGRQ, VAS Cough (baseline, at 3 and 6 months)FVC (three times per day)6 monthsDetermine feasibility in different types of fibrotic non-IPF ILD and investigate the clinical impact of daily home spirometry in patients with progressive ILD with respect to disease progressionGood(1) Adherence was higher within the first 3 months compared to the second 3 months (83.5±19.6% versus 78.4±22.3% of the days; p=0.0086)
    (2) Correlation between hospital FVC values and the mean of the home FVC measurements was similarly strong at 3-month (r=0.95; p<0.0001) and 6-month visits (r=0.93; p<0.0001)
    Edwards et al. (2020) [39]IE/USA/PCSn=36
    USA: Age (mean): 62 years
    Ireland: Age (mean): 66 years
    PFFVC (once daily)
    mMRC (once daily)
    IPF-PROM (weekly)
    1 yearAcceptability and utility of patientMpowerFair(1) 93% of respondents reported a positive impact on their well-being
    (2) Good correlation between hospital-based and home-based spirometry
    Moor et al. (2019) [45]NL/PCSn=10
    Male: 6 (60%)
    Age (mean): 53 years
    SarcoidosisSpirometry, activity, PROM (baseline and at 1 month), patients’ KSQ, EQ-5D-5L, HADS, FAS
    Satisfaction (interview)
    PEF, FEV1, FVC (daily)
    VAS fatigue, dyspnoea, cough, well-being (weekly)
    4 weeksEvaluate feasibility of home monitoring programme and patient satisfaction programmeFair(1) Home spirometry measurements highly correlated with in-hospital measurements of FVC (r=0.97, p<0.001) and FEV1 (r=0.96, p<0.001)
    (2) Mean adherence to daily spirometry was 94.6%; it was measured by dividing the total number of measurements by the total numbers of days
    Moor et al. (2018) [40]NL/PCSn=10
    Male: 9 (90%)
    Age (mean): 71 years
    IPFSpirometry, patient-reported outcome (baseline and at 1 month), patients’ K-BILD, HADS, EuroQoL 5D-5 LHome spirometry (daily)
    Patient-reported outcome (weekly)
    4 weeksFeasibility of a pre-developed home monitoring programme in IPF (home spirometry)Fair(1) Home-based spirometry showed similar results to hospital-based spirometry; measurements of home and hospital FVC were correlated (r=0.94; p<0.001) and FEV1 (r=0.97; p<0.001) were highly correlated
    (2) Feasibility and potential barriers of home spirometry: 80% of patients reported easy to use and 90% said it was not burdensome; mean adherence was 98.8% to home monitoring programme
    Moor et al. (2020) [46]NL/PCSn=50
    (n=44 acceptable data)
    Age range: 43–79 years
    Male: 68%
    IPFQuestionnaire (baseline and at 6 weeks)FVC (twice daily)
    Patient-reported K-BILD online
    6 weeksMeasure diurnal variation in FVC in patients with f-ILD using home spirometry, evaluate the relationship between FVC and activity, home-based FVC, home and hospital-based correlationFair(1) Morning FVC was significantly higher than afternoon FVC (mean difference 36 mL, p<0.001); the mean difference between morning and afternoon FVC was similar for patients with IPF compared with all f-ILDs
    (2) Daily step correlated with FVC (r=0.32, p=0.028, K-BILD total score (r=0.5, p<0.001))
    (3) Home and hospital-based spirometry were correlated (r=0.98, p<0.0001)
    Broos et al. (2017) [41]NL/PCSn=21
    Male: 13
    Female: 8
    Age (mean±sd): 43±11 years
    76% diagnosed with Scadding stage II sarcoidosis
    SarcoidosisClinic spirometry, SGRQ, SF-36, KSQ, MRC, FAS at baseline, 1 and 3 monthsFVC (daily)
    MRC, FAS (weekly)
    3 monthsDetect early steroid treatment effects in newly treated
    pulmonary sarcoidosis
    Good(1) Home spirometry in sarcoidosis is reliable
    (2) Home and hospital spirometry were correlated (r=0.98; p<0.001)
    Marcoux et al. (2019) [28]NL/PCSn=20
    Male: 16 (80%)
    Age (mean±sd): 73±6.9 years
    IPFClinic spirometry at baseline, 4 and 23 weeks
    6MWD (baseline and at 12 weeks)
    FVC (3 manoeuvres daily)12 weeksTest the 12-week feasibility of blinded daily handheld spirometry and physical activity monitoring in patients with IPFGood(1) The correlation for office-based and handheld FVC measurements was 0.99 (95% CI 0.97–0.99) and 0.95 (95% CI 0.91–0.98), respectively
    (2) Mean adherence to home spirometry was 84%
    Noth et al. (2021) [43]NL/PCSn=346 diagnosed with IPF in the previous 3 years and had an FVC ≥80% predicted;
    116 randomised to nintedanib, 230 randomised to placebo for 12 weeks, followed by an open-label period in which all subjects received nintedanib 150 mg twice daily for 40 weeks
    IPFClinic spirometry at baseline and weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36 and 52FVC (weekly)1 yearInvestigate the feasibility and validity of home spirometry as a measure of lung function decline in patients with IPFGood(1) Over 52 weeks, mean adherence was 86%
    (2) Strong correlations were observed between home- and clinic-measured FVC at all time-points (r=0.72 to 0.84), but correlations between home- and clinic-measured rates of change in FVC were weak (r=0.26 for rate of decline in FVC over 52 weeks); the correlations were weaker in subjects who provided more FVC readings per week, due to variability in change in FVC measured at home (greater number of outliers) and errors in measurements
    Moor et al. (2020) [42]NE/PCSn=10
    Female: 60%
    Age (mean±sd): 60.3±9.9 years
    Systemic sclerosis-associated ILDSpirometry at baseline and 3 months
    K-BILD, HADS, EQ-5D-5L (baseline and at 6 weeks)
    FVC (once daily)3 monthsInvestigate the feasibility of an online home monitoring application, and spirometryGood(1) Mean±sd adherence was 98.8±1.5%
    (2) Strong adherence and acceptability; 90% found home monitoring pleasant and wanted to continue to use home monitoring application daily

    IPF: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; CAT: COPD Assessment Test; EQ-5D-5L: EuroQoL Five-Dimensions Questionnaire; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; GRC: Global Rating Change; HRQOL: health-related quality of life; ILD: interstitial lung disease; 6MWD: 6-min walk distance; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; IE: Ireland; K-BILD: The King's Brief Interstitial Lung Disease; NL: Netherlands; PESaM: Patient Experiences and Satisfaction with Medication questionnaire; PCS: prospective cohort study; RCT: randomised controlled trial; SGRQ: St George's Respiratory Questionnaire; UK: United Kingdom; US: United States; VAS: visual analogue scale; mMRC: Modified Medical Research Council; EQ-VAS: EuroQol-visual analogue scales; IPF-PROM: Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) Patient Reported Outcome Measure; KSQ: King's Sarcoidosis Questionnaire; PEF: peak expiratory flow; f-ILD: fibrosing interstitial lung disease; SF36: 36-Item Short Form; UCSD-SOBQ: The University of California, San Diego, Shortness of Breath Questionnaire.

    • TABLE 4

      The components and outcomes measured in the home monitoring intervention in this systematic review

      StudyMeasurement parametersData transmissionOnline platform/app
      SpirometerQuality checkOximetryStep count/6MWDSymptom reportDownloaded by staffReal-timeDiary card
      Moor et al. (2020) [30]✓✓✓✓✓
      Russell et al. (2016) [31]✓✓
      Johannson et al. (2017) [20]✓✓✓✓
      Moor et al. (2019) [45]✓✓✓✓✓✓
      Veit et al. (2020) [32]✓✓✓✓✓
      Moor et al. (2018) [40]✓✓✓✓✓
      Edwards et al. (2020) [39]✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
      Noth et al. (2020) [43]✓✓
      Moor et al. (2020) [42]✓✓✓✓✓✓
      Broos et al. (2017) [41]✓✓✓
      Marcoux et al. (2019) [28]✓✓✓✓✓
      Moor et al. (2020) [46]✓✓✓✓
      Maher et al. (2020) [38]✓✓✓✓✓
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    Home monitoring of physiology and symptoms to detect interstitial lung disease exacerbations and progression: a systematic review
    Malik A. Althobiani, Rebecca A. Evans, Jaber S. Alqahtani, Abdulelah M. Aldhahir, Anne-Marie Russell, John R. Hurst, Joanna C. Porter
    ERJ Open Research Oct 2021, 7 (4) 00441-2021; DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00441-2021

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    Home monitoring of physiology and symptoms to detect interstitial lung disease exacerbations and progression: a systematic review
    Malik A. Althobiani, Rebecca A. Evans, Jaber S. Alqahtani, Abdulelah M. Aldhahir, Anne-Marie Russell, John R. Hurst, Joanna C. Porter
    ERJ Open Research Oct 2021, 7 (4) 00441-2021; DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00441-2021
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