Tables
- TABLE 1
Effects of menthol gum versus control gum on dyspnoea and physiological variables at the end of exercise
Variables Menthol Control Condition effect Baseline End-exercise Baseline End-exercise Adjusted mean difference# p-value Dyspnoea, mBorg 0.9±1 4.4±1.6*** 1±1.0 4.7±1.7*** −0.3 (−0.5–−0.0) 0.058 Leg discomfort, mBorg 0.6±1.1 2.8±2.1*** 0.6±1 2.9±2.3*** −0.0 (−0.3–0.2) 0.807 SpO2, % 92.6±3.7 85.7±7*** 92.6±3.3 86.3±6.2*** −0.4 (−1.0–0.3) 0.255 Lowest SpO2, % 82.7±7.3 83.1±6.6 −0.4 (−1.2–0.3) 0.263 Heart rate, beats per min 91.4±17.8 115.3±15.2*** 92.3±17.5 114.5.9±15.7*** 4.4 (−1.2–9.9) 0.124 Respiratory rate, cycles per min 18.6±4.6 24.1±9.5*** 19±5.2 24.1±5.9 *** 0.3 (−2.1–2.6) 0.827 Tidal volume, L 0.8±0.3 1.1±0.5 *** 0.8±0.4 1.1±0.5*** 0.0 (−0.0–0.1) 0.172 Minute ventilation, L·min−1 13.9±5.1 25.6±9.3*** 14.7±5.6 25.8±9*** −0.1 (−1.5–1.3) 0.924 Inspiratory capacity, L 1.8±0.6 1.7±0.6** 1.9±0.7 1.8±0.7 −0.0 (−0.2–0.1) 0.449 6MWD, m 461.1±124.2 458.7±124.9 2.6 (−4.1–9.4) 0.447 6MWD, % pred 73.1±20.7 72.8±20.7 0.37 (−0.76–1.5) 0.495 Continuous data are presented as mean±sd and as mean (95% CI) for the difference between the two conditions. Mean differences were calculated using a mixed model adjusted for baseline values, and the sequence (order of conditions) was used to assess the carry-over effect, with participants as random effects. Within-condition changes (before-after test) were compared using a paired t-test. *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; and ***: p<0.001 for before–after analysis of a condition. mBorg: modified Borg scale from 0 to 10 (0: no fatigue or dyspnoea, 10: maximal fatigue or dyspnoea). For leg discomfort, there was evidence for a period or cross-over effect (p=0.050), this result should be taken with caution. There was no evidence of a period or cross-over effect on the other outcomes. SpO2: oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry; 6MWD: 6-min walking distance. #: difference for menthol − control.
