Figures
- FIGURE 1
Prevalence of the a) obstructive and b) restrictive phenotypes from early childhood to young adulthood. The numbers above each bar represent the number of cases in the respective study. Cohorts linked by lines had the same mean age (in years).
- FIGURE 2
Prevalence of any wheezing in participants with obstructive or restrictive phenotypes, or normal lung function. The numbers above each bar represent the number of cases in the respective study. Cohorts linked by lines had the same mean age (in years).
- FIGURE 3
Meta-analysis results of association between asthma and obstructive phenotype in 5–25 years subgroup. TE: the estimated treatment effect; IV: inverse variance.
- FIGURE 4
Meta-analysis results of association between body mass index and restrictive phenotype in Model 2 in 5–25 years age group. TE: the estimated treatment effect; IV: inverse variance.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Characteristics and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC ratio z-scores of each cohort included in the age groups
Cohorts Nations Age groups n Age# FEV1 FVC FEV1/FVC ratio GLI fit# Mean-centred¶ GLI fit# Mean-centred¶ GLI fit# Mean-centred¶ ALSPAC+ UK >5–10 6804 8.7±0.3 0.04±1.00 −0.09±1.02 −0.06±1.02 −0.02±1.04 0.15±1.02 −0.10±1.07 >15–20 4519 15.5±0.3 −0.68±1.29 −0.04±1.26 −1.02±1.29 0.04±1.25 0.61±1.16 −0.14±1.21 >20–25 3731 24.5±0.8 −0.52±1.01 0.06±1.00 −0.37±1.02 0.13±0.98 −0.27±0.94 −0.1±0.98 BAMSE+ Sweden >5–10 1832 8.3±0.5 0.47±0.94 −0.06±0.94 0.59±0.90 −0.00±0.91 −0.27±0.87 −0.07±0.89 >15–20 2052 16.7±0.4 0.06±0.92 −0.11±0.94 0.16±0.92 −0.01±0.92 −0.19±0.93 −0.15±0.96 >20–25 2032 22.5±0.5 −0.23±0.85 −0.03±0.86 −0.12±0.85 0.07±0.85 −0.20±0.88 −0.15±0.90 Generation R+ Netherlands >5–10 4738 9.8±0.3 0.19±0.93 −0.04±0.93 0.21±0.89 0.02±0.92 −0.08±0.90 −0.01±0.96 >10–15 3869 13.6±0.4 −0.15±1.01 −0.06±0.93 −0.09±0.98 0.04±0.99 −0.13±0.92 0.00±1.02 HUNT1 Norway >10–15 2705 14.1±0.6 −0.23±1.11 −0.02±1.11 −0.19±1.10 0.01±1.10 −0.07±1.03 −0.05±1.03 >15–20 5256 17.1±1.3 −0.12±1.04 −0.03±1.04 −0.09±1.01 0.02±1.01 −0.08±0.98 −0.08±0.98 HUNT3 Norway >10–15 2792 14.1±0.6 0.01±1.03 −0.01±1.03 0.10±1.05 0.04±1.05 −0.15±1.02 −0.22±1.02 >15–20 4363 16.9±1.2 0.09±0.99 −0.04±0.99 0.19±1.01 0.03±1.01 −0.19±0.98 −0.09±0.97 INMA+ Spain 1–5 704 4.5±0.2 −0.59±1.20 −0.01±1.21 −0.53±1.23 0.01±1.25 −0.03±0.95 −0.03±0.97 >5–10 1277 7.4±0.6 0.21±0.98 −0.01±0.99 0.40±0.95 0.01±0.96 −0.34±0.99 −0.03±1.00 >5–10 476 9.3±0.9 −0.02±1.07 −0.03±1.05 0.17±1.04 −0.00±1.01 −0.21±0.98 −0.06±0.95 >10–15 988 11.2±0.6 −0.20±1.00 −0.01±1.03 −0.06±1.03 0.02±1.04 −0.25±0.95 −0.04±1.01 >10–15 266 14.6±0.2 0.04±0.94 −0.04±0.95 −0.04±0.98 −0.02±0.95 0.13±0.87 −0.03±0.90 >15–20 120 17.7±0.3 −0.34±0.92 −0.03±0.89 −0.32±0.98 0.07±0.94 −0.04±0.99 −0.15±1.02 IoW UK >5–10 980 9.9±0.3 0.37±0.97 −0.04±0.99 0.16±0.88 0.02±0.88 0.33±0.96 −0.09±1.01 >15–20 836 17.8±0.6 0.30±0.92 −0.15±0.99 0.14±0.85 0.01±0.93 0.22±1.07 −0.21±1.11 LEAD Austria >5–10 451 8.4±1.0 0.46±1.27 −0.07±0.99 0.31±1.26 0.10±0.92 0.35±1.17 −0.31±1.13 >10–15 526 12.3±1.5 0.01±1.03 −0.35±1.02 −0.19±0.97 −0.14±0.98 0.36±0.95 −0.39±1.04 >15–20 540 17.4±1.4 −0.05±1.07 −0.36±1.01 −0.22±1.08 −0.11±0.97 0.30±1.08 −0.44±1.12 >20–25 703 22.5±1.4 −0.13±1.04 −0.42±0.92 −0.31±1.09 −0.16±0.92 0.22±0.99 −0.46±1.02 Lifelines Netherlands >15–20 2556 18.9±0.8 −0.42±0.91 −0.06±0.92 −0.34±0.90 0.03±0.89 −0.19±0.98 −0.14±1.01 >20–25 5028 23.3±1.5 −0.42±0.90 −0.06±0.91 −0.29±0.89 0.05±0.87 −0.23±0.96 −0.16±0.96 MAAS+ UK >5–10 778 8.0±0.2 0.15±0.93 −0.07±0.10 0.26±0.90 0.00±0.94 −0.24±0.89 −0.11±0.93 >10–15 778 11.5±0.5 −0.12±0.95 −0.05±1.00 −0.18±1.12 0.05±1.12 0.14±1.03 −0.15±1.10 >15–20 566 16.0±0.6 −0.26±0.95 −0.06±1.05 −0.43±0.90 0.03±0.96 0.31±1.02 −0.16±1.11 >15–20 504 19.4±0.8 −0.24±0.87 −0.04±0.95 −0.40±0.90 0.10±0.90 0.26±0.97 −0.24±1.04 OLIN Sweden >15–20 1470 18.2±0.5 −0.06±1.01 −0.04±1.01 0.08±1.06 0.01±1.03 −0.28±0.93 −0.07±0.96 PIAMA+ Netherlands >5–10 1058 8.1±0.3 0.54±0.88 −0.05±0.91 0.29±0.88 0.00±0.90 0.42±1.06 −0.09±1.09 >10–15 1267 12.7±0.4 −0.56±0.84 −0.04±0.86 −0.37±0.85 −0.01±0.86 −0.37±0.87 −0.04±0.89 >15–20 720 16.4±0.2 −0.19±0.86 −0.07±0.88 0.02±0.86 −0.00±0.82 −0.40±0.92 −0.10±0.94 SEATON+ UK 1–5 446 4.9±0.2 0.17±0.96 −0.03±0.95 −0.13±1.05 −0.00±1.05 0.08±0.93 −0.04±0.95 >10–15 430 10.3±0.2 −0.12±1.10 −0.06±1.09 −0.24±1.04 −0.01±1.04 0.15±0.93 −0.08±0.96 >15–20 534 15.1±0.3 −0.36±1.00 −0.04±1.00 −0.77±1.02 0.01±1.00 0.83±1.09 −0.10±1.13 SUS Denmark >15–20 2294 18.9±1.3 −0.29±0.90 −0.01±0.90 −0.33±0.88 0.05±0.88 0.01±1.00 −0.09±1.00 Data are expressed as mean±sd. GLI: Global Lung Function Initiative. #: based on the whole group of participants; ¶: based on non-asthmatic, asymptomatic lifelong nonsmokers; +: they are longitudinal cohorts with repeated measurement at different age.
- TABLE 2
Meta-analysis results of obstructive and restrictive phenotypes in Model 1# in different age groups
Variables Age groups Number of cohorts I2 p-value for Q statistic OR (95% CI) Obstructive phenotype Preterm birth <10 9 60.8 0.0089 1.82 (1.08–3.06)
2.73 (1.67–4.46)
1.61 (1.13–2.29)
1.37 (0.88–2.12)
1.84 (1.27–2.66)>10–15 5 17.6 0.30 >15–20 8 6.7 0.38 >20–25 4 0.0 0.63 5–25 10 51.6 0.016 Maternal smoking during pregnancy <10 9 0.0 0.61 1.11 (0.94–1.30)
1.20 (0.90–1.59)
1.43 (1.14–1.78)
1.43 (1.07–1.93)
1.16 (1.01–1.35)>10–15 6 0.0 0.98 >15–20 10 9.1 0.36 >20–25 3 0.0 0.41 5–25 11 0.0 0.53 Asthma family history <10 9 26.9 0.20 1.34 (1.14–1.58)
1.39 (1.01–1.93)
1.46 (1.24–1.72)
1.59 (1.22–2.07)
1.44 (1.25–1.66)>10–15 6 0.0 0.55 >15–20 11 0.0 0.52 >20–25 3 29.6 0.24 5–25 12 0.0 0.83 BMI <10 9 40.6 0.097 1.06 (1.02–1.10) >10–15 8 55.3 0.022 1.04 (1.00–1.09)
1.05 (1.04–1.07)
1.03 (1.01–1.05)
1.05 (1.03–1.06)>15–20 12 17.7 0.27 >20–25 4 0.0 0.47 5–25 13 44.7 0.019 Former smoker >10–15 2 0.0 0.61 0.67 (0.45–1.01)
0.83 (0.71–0.98)
1.37 (1.04–1.82)
0.93 (0.75–1.16)>15–20 10 28.9 0.18 >20–25 4 0.0 0.63 10–25 11 41.3 0.048 Current smoker >10–15 2 51.0 0.15 0.88 (0.38–2.05)
1.21 (1.01–1.44)
1.34 (1.01–1.78)
1.24 (1.05–1.46)>15–20 11 35.5 0.11 >20–25 4 0.0 0.70 10–25 11 29.8 0.13 Restrictive phenotype Preterm birth <10 8 0.0 0.79 1.17 (0.78–1.75)
1.46 (0.72–2.97)
1.16 (0.72–1.87)
0.88 (0.41–1.92)
1.20 (0.84–1.70)>10–15 5 0.0 0.92 >15–20 6 0.0 0.79 >20–25 3 0.0 0.87 5–25 9 0.0 0.98 Maternal smoking during pregnancy <10 9 0.0 0.92 0.91 (0.73–1.14)
1.16 (0.79–1.70)
0.98 (0.61–1.58)
0.84 (0.52–1.36)
1.00 (0.82–1.22)>10–15 6 0.0 0.95 >15–20 9 40.9 0.095 >20–25 4 0.0 0.73 5–25 11 0.0 0.66 Asthma family history <10 9 3.8 0.40 0.92 (0.74–1.15)
0.91 (0.58–1.44)
0.89 (0.71–1.12)
0.97 (0.66–1.42)
0.96 (0.79–1.16)>10–15 6 0.0 0.97 >15–20 10 13.4 0.32 >20–25 4 0.0 0.64 5–25 12 0.0 0.84 BMI <10 9 69.3 0.001 0.88 (0.80–0.96)
0.80 (0.75–0.85)
0.80 (0.75–0.85)
0.84 (0.70–1.00)
0.81 (0.78–0.85)>10–15 8 51.6 0.035 >15–20 12 78.8 <0.001 >20–25 4 92.6 <0.001 5–25 13 75.1 <0.001 Former smoker >10–15 2 0.0 0.35 0.65 (0.40–1.04)
0.98 (0.79–1.21)
0.57 (0.27–1.23)
0.93 (0.76–1.12)>15–20 9 25.3 0.24 >20–25 4 56.6 0.075 10–25 11 35.9 0.10 Current smoker >10–15 2 62.2 0.10 0.89 (0.27–2.97)
0.80 (0.60–1.05)
0.72 (0.48–1.06)
0.85 (0.67–1.08)>15–20 11 27.3 0.18 >20–25 4 0.0 0.54 10–25 11 19.6 0.23 #: Model 1 was adjusted for asthma family history, maternal smoking during pregnancy, preterm birth, body mass index (BMI) and smoking status.
- TABLE 3
Meta-analysis results of obstructive and restrictive phenotypes in Model 2# in different age groups
Variables Age groups Number of cohorts I2 p-value for Q statistic OR (95% CI) Obstructive phenotype Preterm birth <10 8 53.1 0.037 2.04 (1.24–3.34)
2.83 (1.73–4.46)
1.53 (1.06–2.22)
1.49 (0.94–2.36)
1.83 (1.31–2.57)>10–15 6 21.0 0.28 >15–20 8 7.1 0.38 >20–25 4 0.0 0.47 5–25 10 40.1 0.06 Maternal smoking during pregnancy <10 9 0.0 0.70 1.06 (0.89–1.28)
1.28 (0.95–1.73)
1.48 (1.20–1.82)
1.23 (0.86–1.75)
1.13 (0.97–1.33)>10–15 6 0.0 0.97 >15–20 10 17.0 0.29 >20–25 3 0.0 0.79 5–25 11 0.0 0.58 Asthma family history <10 9 21.9 0.25 1.09 (0.90–1.32)
1.17 (0.82–1.67)
1.28 (1.07–1.52)
1.33 (0.74–2.40)
1.21 (1.04–1.41)>10–15 6 0.0 0.63 >15–20 11 0.0 0.84 >20–25 3 69.6 0.037 5–25 12 0.0 0.67 BMI <10 9 53.7 0.027 1.05 (1.00–1.11)
1.06 (1.04–1.09)
1.04 (1.03–1.06)
1.04 (1.01–1.07)
1.04 (1.03–1.06)>10–15 8 0.0 0.50 >15–20 12 16.5 0.28 >20–25 4 0.0 0.88 5–25 13 34.4 0.071 Former smoker >10–15 2 0.0 0.72 0.67 (0.45–1.01)
0.83 (0.70–0.97)
1.55 (1.14–2.11)
0.96 (0.76–1.22)
0.89 (0.37–2.15)>15–20 10 20.8 0.25 >20–25 4 0.0 0.59 10–25 11 47.0 0.023 Current smoker >10–15 2 54.1 0.14 >15–20 11 45.1 0.052 1.18 (0.90–1.54)
1.28 (0.92–1.79)
1.18 (0.93–1.49)>20–25 4 0.0 0.67 10–25 11 37.6 0.07 Restrictive phenotype Preterm birth <10 8 0.0 0.70 1.08 (0.68–1.73)
1.80 (0.88–3.71)
1.17 (0.72–1.92)
0.76 (0.30–1.92)
1.13 (0.77–1.68)>10–15 5 0.0 0.85 >15–20 6 0.0 0.83 >20–25 3 0.0 0.95 5–25 9 0.0 0.97 Maternal smoking during pregnancy <10 9 0.0 0.71 0.95 (0.75–1.22
1.19 (0.78–1.79)
0.98 (0.59–1.62
1.01 (0.61–1.69)
1.06 (0.86–1.32)>10–15 6 0.0 0.98 >15–20 9 43.8 0.076 >20–25 4 0.0 0.99 5–25 11 0.0 0.59 Asthma family history <10 9 3.8 0.40 0.99 (0.77–1.27)
0.89 (0.54–1.46)
0.88 (0.69–1.12)
0.99 (0.63–1.56)
1.02 (0.83–1.25)>10–15 5 0.0 0.88 >15–20 10 25.9 0.21 >20–25 4 0.0 0.61 5–25 12 0.0 0.84 BMI <10 9 75.0 <0.001 0.86 (0.77–0.95)
0.79 (0.74–0.84)
0.80 (0.75–0.85)
0.84 (0.70–1.01)
0.81 (0.77–0.85)>10–15 8 50.8 0.039 >15–20 12 75.9 <0.001 >20–25 4 92.2 <0.001 5–25 13 76.9 <0.001 Former smoker >10–15 2 0.0 0.35 0.64 (0.40–1.04)
0.96 (0.77–1.20)
0.69 (0.43–1.08)
0.91 (0.75–1.11)>15–20 9 40.3 0.12 >20–25 4 46.7 0.13 10–25 11 35.2 0.11 Current smoker >10–15 2 62.8 0.10 0.89 (0.26–3.07)
0.74 (0.49–1.13)
0.73 (0.47–1.15)
0.87 (0.68–1.13)>15–20 11 41.8 0.07 >20–25 4 0.0 0.56 10–25 11 19.2 0.24 #: Model 2 was adjusted for asthma family history, maternal smoking during pregnancy, preterm birth, body mass index (BMI) and smoking status, as well as for current asthma.
Supplementary Material
Please note: supplementary material is not edited by the Editorial Office, and is uploaded as it has been supplied by the author.
Supplementary material 00457-2021.SUPPLEMENT
