Figures
- FIGURE 1
Participants recruited to perform pulmonary function tests and proportion who successfully completed spirometry, plethysmography and diffusing capacity testing.
- FIGURE 2
Age at antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in perinatally HIV-infected (HIV+) children. Data displayed as median (interquartile range).
- FIGURE 3
Spirometry (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC) Z-scores of HIV-unexposed (HU), HIV-exposed-uninfected (HEU) and perinatally HIV-infected (HIV+) children. Z-scores calculated using Global Lung Initiative reference data and software. Normally distributed (mean±sd), compared with ordinary one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc multiple comparison test, non-normally distributed data (median (interquartile range)) compared with Kruskal–Wallis test and post hoc Dunn's correction for multiple comparisons. FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity.
- FIGURE 4
Plethysmography Z-scores for HIV-unexposed (HU), HIV-exposed-uninfected (HEU) and HIV+ children. Data displayed as mean±sd, comparison of groups with ordinary one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc multiple comparison test. Single data point of HEU Z-score for TLC and RV/TLC is not included in the figure as Z<−5 and >Z+7, respectively. TLC: total lung capacity; RV: residual volume, FRC: functional residual capacity. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ****p<0.0001.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Characteristics of participants
HIV-unexposed (HU) HIV-exposed (HEU) HIV-infected (HIV+) HU versus HIV+
(p-value)HEU versus HIV+
(p-value)Subjects n 90 162 142 Age years 8.8 (7.8–10.5) 9.0 (7.9–10.6) 8.4 (7.6–8.8) p=0.0004 p<0.0001 Ethnicity n (%) African 90 (100) African 147 (91)
Mixed 15 (9)African 129 (91)
Mixed 13 (9)Height cm 128.3 (122.5–138.8) 129.5 (124.1–139.0) 123.8 (119.0–128.5) p<0.0001 p<0.0001 Height-for-age Z-score −0.56±1.1 −0.53±1.09 −0.87±1.00 p=0.0848 p=0.0187 Weight kg 27.75 (23.50–34.98) 27.2 (23.9–33.2) 24.3 (22.0–26.7) p<0.0001 p<0.0001 Weight-for-age Z-score −0.09±1.22 −0.22±1.19 −0.51±0.99 p=0.0186 p=0.0758 Age at ART initiation weeks 17.6 (8.0–36.7) Time interval years, first ART exposure to PFT 7.65 (7.35–8.37) CD4 count at PFT (n=126) cells·mm−3 1065 (786–1298) HIV viral load at PFT (n=108) copies·mL−1 39 (19–302) HIV viral suppression at PFT (%) 100 (92.6) Data are presented as mean±sd if normally distributed, median (interquartile range) if not normally distributed, unless otherwise stated. HIV viral suppression was defined as a HIV viral load <400 viral copies·mL−1. Compared with either one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey's multiple comparison test (normal distribution), Kruskal–Wallis with post hoc Dunn's multiple comparison test (not normally distributed) and Chi-square (categorical data). No statistically significant differences between HU and HEU. ART: antiretroviral therapy; PFT: pulmonary function test.
- TABLE 2
Successfully completed lung function tests of HIV-unexposed (HU), HIV-exposed-uninfected (HEU) and perinatally HIV-infected children on early ART (HIV+)
HU HEU HIV+ HU versus HIV+ (p-value) HEU versus HIV+ (p-value) Spirometry Subjects n 76 131 120 FEV1 absolute L 1.380 (1.205–1.648) 1.430 (1.200–1.710) 1.250 (1.110–1.450) p=0.0057 p=0.0001 FEV1 Z-score −0.892±0.932 −0.786±1.125 −0.570±1.083 p=0.1001 p=0.2456 FVC absolute L 1.550 (1.32–1.813) 1.570 (1.340–1.860) 1.355 (1.195–1.598) p=0.0009 p=0.0002 FVC Z-score −0.894±0.898 −0.953±1.196 −0.669±1.207 p=0.3695 p=0.1199 FEV1/FVC absolute 0.89 (0.853–0.940) 0.914 (0.863–0.962) 0.909 (0.879–0.954) p=0.1771 p>0.9999 FEV1/FVC Z-score −0.031±1.284 0.301±1.205 0.1551±1.076 p=0.5297 p=0.5891 Plethysmography Subjects n 77 128 120 Total lung capacity (TLC) L 2.481±0.487 2.467±0.561 2.258±0.3524 p=0.0041 p=0.0018 TLC Z-score −0.2194±1.050 −0.406±1.178 0.2906±0.9855 p=0.0039 p<0.0001 Residual volume (RV) L 0.8612±0.2584 0.8746±0.2537 0.8734±0.2257 p=0.9373 p=0.9992 RV Z-score 0.6125±0.7607 0.6251±0.7185 0.9497±0.6517 p=0.0034 p=0.001 RV/TLC 34.75±8.153 35.56±9.210 38.69±8.441 p=0.0058 p=0.0139 RV/TLC Z-score 1.399±0.8341 1.489±1.059 1.733±0.8190 p=0.0371 p=0.0995 Functional residual capacity (FRC) L 1.28 (1.13–1.55) 1.33 (1.15–1.59) 1.18 (1.06–1.36) p=0.0135 p=0.0001 FRC Z-score 0.3676±0.9391 0.4456±0.8829 0.7156±0.8926 p=0.0234 p=0.0504 Vital capacity (VCPLETH) L 1.540 (1.285–1.860) 1.530 (1.290–1.825) 1.380 (1.195–1.598) p=0.0011 p=0.0008 VCPLETH Z-score −2.179±0.8135 −2.281±1.061 −2.157±1.077 p=0.9884 p=0.6037 Diffusing capacity Subjects n 62 105 98 DLCO 14.75 (13.22–16.87) 14.77 (12.69–17.01) 13.93 (12.46–16.09) p=0.1802 p=0.2837 DLCO Z-score 0.231 (−0.25–0.76) 0.176 (−0.38–0.82) 0.50 (0.01–1.28) p=0.0375 p=0.0026 Alveolar volume (VA) L 2.370 (2.068–2.800) 2.380 (2.095–2.790) 2.11 (1.938–2.315) p=0.0005 p<0.0001 VA Z-score −0.44 (−1.15–0.18) −0.34 (−1.0–0.52) −0.19 (−0.68–0.36) p=0.1480 p>0.9999 DLCO/VA 6.400 (5.788–6.783) 6.010 (5.395–6.680) 6.565 (6.005–7.230) p=0.1564 p<0.0001 Data are presented as mean±sd if normally distributed, median (interquartile range) if not normally distributed, unless otherwise stated. No statistically significant differences between HU and HEU. ART: antiretroviral therapy; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; DLCO: diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide.
Supplementary Material
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Supplementary figure 00691-2021.SUPPLEMENT
Supplementary methods 00691-2021.SUPPL_METHODS
