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Respiratory symptoms and radiological findings in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome

Etienne-Marie Jutant, Olivier Meyrignac, Antoine Beurnier, Xavier Jaïs, Tai Pham, Luc Morin, Athénaïs Boucly, Sophie Bulifon, Samy Figueiredo, Anatole Harrois, Mitja Jevnikar, Nicolas Noël, Jérémie Pichon, Anne Roche, Andrei Seferian, Samer Soliman, Jacques Duranteau, Laurent Becquemont, Xavier Monnet, Olivier Sitbon, Marie-France Bellin, Marc Humbert, Laurent Savale, David Montani the COMEBAC Study Group
ERJ Open Research 2022 8: 00479-2021; DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00479-2021
Etienne-Marie Jutant
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
2INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
3AP-HP, Dept of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, Hôpital Bicêtre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Olivier Meyrignac
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
4AP-HP, Service de radiologie diagnostique et interventionnelle, BioMaps, Hôpital de Bicêtre, DMU 14 Smart Imaging, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Antoine Beurnier
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
2INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
5AP-HP, Dept of Physiology – Pulmonary Function Testing, DMU 5 Thorinno, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Xavier Jaïs
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
2INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
3AP-HP, Dept of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, Hôpital Bicêtre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Tai Pham
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
6AP-HP, Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôpital de Bicêtre, DMU 4 CORREVE Maladies du Cœur et des Vaisseaux, FHU Sepsis, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Luc Morin
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
7AP-HP, Service de Réanimation Pédiatrique et Médecine Néonatale, Hôpital de Bicêtre, DMU3 Santé de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Athénaïs Boucly
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
2INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
3AP-HP, Dept of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, Hôpital Bicêtre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Sophie Bulifon
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
2INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
3AP-HP, Dept of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, Hôpital Bicêtre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Samy Figueiredo
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
8AP-HP, Service d'anesthésie-réanimation et médecine péri-opératoire, Hôpital de Bicêtre, DMU 12 Anesthésie, réanimation, douleur, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Anatole Harrois
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
8AP-HP, Service d'anesthésie-réanimation et médecine péri-opératoire, Hôpital de Bicêtre, DMU 12 Anesthésie, réanimation, douleur, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Mitja Jevnikar
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
2INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
3AP-HP, Dept of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, Hôpital Bicêtre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Nicolas Noël
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
9AP-HP, Service de médecine interne et immunologie clinique, Hôpital de Bicêtre, DMU 7 Endocrinologie-immunités-inflammations-cancer-urgences, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Jérémie Pichon
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
2INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
3AP-HP, Dept of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, Hôpital Bicêtre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Anne Roche
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
2INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
3AP-HP, Dept of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, Hôpital Bicêtre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Andrei Seferian
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
2INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
3AP-HP, Dept of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, Hôpital Bicêtre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Samer Soliman
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
4AP-HP, Service de radiologie diagnostique et interventionnelle, BioMaps, Hôpital de Bicêtre, DMU 14 Smart Imaging, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Jacques Duranteau
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
8AP-HP, Service d'anesthésie-réanimation et médecine péri-opératoire, Hôpital de Bicêtre, DMU 12 Anesthésie, réanimation, douleur, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Laurent Becquemont
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
10AP-HP, Centre de recherche Clinique Paris-Saclay, DMU 13 Santé publique, Information médicale, Appui à la recherche clinique, INSERM U1018, CESP (Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations), Paris, France
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Xavier Monnet
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
6AP-HP, Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôpital de Bicêtre, DMU 4 CORREVE Maladies du Cœur et des Vaisseaux, FHU Sepsis, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Olivier Sitbon
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
2INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
3AP-HP, Dept of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, Hôpital Bicêtre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Marie-France Bellin
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
4AP-HP, Service de radiologie diagnostique et interventionnelle, BioMaps, Hôpital de Bicêtre, DMU 14 Smart Imaging, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Marc Humbert
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
2INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
3AP-HP, Dept of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, Hôpital Bicêtre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Laurent Savale
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
2INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
3AP-HP, Dept of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, Hôpital Bicêtre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
11These authors contributed equally
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David Montani
1Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
2INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
3AP-HP, Dept of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Centre, Hôpital Bicêtre, DMU 5 Thorinno, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
11These authors contributed equally
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  • For correspondence: david.montani@aphp.fr
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  • FIGURE 1
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    FIGURE 1

    Flow chart of the study. COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; ICU: intensive care unit; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; TC: telephone consultation.

  • FIGURE 2
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    FIGURE 2

    High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) image of the chest in a patient with mild fibrotic lung lesions 4 months after hospitalisation for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) compared with that during acute COVID-19. Coronal a) multiplanar reconstruction of an HRCT image of the chest during acute COVID-19 with extensive bilateral ground-glass opacities. Coronal b) multiplanar reconstructions and axial sections c) of an HRCT image of the chest from the same patient showing mild fibrotic lung lesions at 4 months, demonstrating small traction bronchiectasis close to the marginal fibrotic sequelae with a sub-pleural predominance.

  • FIGURE 3
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    FIGURE 3

    High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) image of the chest in a patient with severe fibrotic lung lesions 4 months after hospitalisation for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) compared with that during acute COVID-19. Coronal a) multiplanar reconstruction of an HRCT image of the chest during acute COVID-19 with extensive bilateral ground-glass opacities and consolidations. Coronal b) multiplanar reconstructions and axial sections c) of an HRCT image of the chest from the same patient showing severe fibrotic lung lesions at 4 months, demonstrating diffuse traction bronchiectasis and association with ground-glass opacities.

  • FIGURE 4
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    FIGURE 4

    Distribution of patients evaluated at ambulatory care visits according to new-onset dyspnoea, fibrotic lung lesions on high-resolution computed tomography and decreased DLCO <70%. DLCO: diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide.

Tables

  • Figures
  • Supplementary Materials
  • TABLE 1

    Baseline and hospitalisation characteristics of patients who were evaluated by telephone 4 months after hospital discharge according to the presence of new-onset dyspnoea

    Available dataAll patients (478)Patients with new-onset dyspnoea (78)Patients without new-onset dyspnoea (400)p-value
    Demographic data
     Age, years47861.0±16.156.1±12.361.9±16.60.001
     Women478201 (42.1%)30 (38.5%)171 (42.8%)0.56
     Body mass index, kg·m–235128.8±5.629.0±5.128.8±5.80.69
    Smoking
     No (<5 pack-years)452343 (75.9%)60 (81.1%)283 (74.9%)
     Former (≥5 pack-years)45283 (18.4%)11 (14.9%)72 (19.0%)0.63
     Active45226 (5.8%)3 (4.1%)23 (6.1%)
    Pre-COVID-19 comorbidities
     Respiratory disease
    •   COPD

    47817 (3.6%)2 (2.6%)15 (3.8%)1
    •   Other than COPD

    47875 (15.7%)12 (15.4%)63 (15.8%)1
     Hypertension478225 (47.1%)30 (38.5%)195 (48.8%)0.12
     Chronic heart disease47877 (16.1%)4 (5.1%)73 (18.2%)0.007
     Diabetes478128 (26.8%)24 (30.8%)104 (26.0%)0.47
     Chronic kidney disease47851 (10.7%)2 (2.6%)49 (12.2%)0.02
     Declared psychiatric disorder47842 (8.8%)5 (6.4%)37 (9.3%)0.55
     Neurodegenerative disorder47834 (7.1%)0 (0%)34 (8.5%)0.02
     Alcohol misuse45021 (4.7%)3 (4.1%)18 (4.8%)1
     Active cancer47818 (3.8%)2 (2.6%)16 (4.0%)0.75
     Other immunosuppression47818 (3.8%)2 (2.6%)16 (4.0%)0.75
     Long-term dialysis47817 (3.6%)0 (0%)17 (4.3%)0.09
     HIV infection47812 (2.5%)1 (1.3%)11 (2.8%)0.7
     Solid organ transplantation4789 (1.9%)1 (1.3%)8 (2.0%)1
     Liver disease4787 (1.5%)2 (2.6%)5 (1.3%)0.32
     Pregnancy4785 (1.1%)0 (0%)5 (1.3%)1
    Hospitalisation characteristics
     Total duration of hospitalisation, days4789 (4–15)13 (7–23)8 (4–14)<0.001
     Hospitalisation in the ICU478142 (29.7%)44 (56.4%)98 (24.5%)<0.001
     Duration of ICU stay, days1419 (4–19)9 (4–21)9 (4–19)0.73
     High flow oxygen14262 (43.7%)20 (45.5%)42 (42.9%)0.92
     Intubation during hospitalisation14273 (51.4%)25 (56.8%)48 (49.0%)0.50
     Duration of intubation, days7318 (11–32)24 (12–38)16 (11–27)0.21
     Pulmonary embolism43039 (9.1%)14 (18.0%)25 (6.8%)<0.001
     Active anticoagulation (at the full therapeutic dose)47875 (15.7%)30 (38.5%)45 (11.2%)<0.001
    Specific treatments during hospitalisation
     Azithromycin478120 (25.1%)28 (35.9%)92 (23.0%)0.02
     Anti-IL-647837 (7.7%)12 (15.4%)25 (6.2%)0.01
     Hydroxychloroquine47832 (6.7%)9 (11.5%)23 (5.8%)0.10
     Corticosteroids47824 (5.0%)1 (1.3%)2 (5.8%)0.15
     Lopinavir/ritonavir47816 (3.4%)6 (7.7%)10 (2.5%)0.03
     Anti-IL-147811 (2.3%)3 (3.9%)8 (2.0%)0.40
     Remdesivir4785 (1.1%)1 (1.3%)4 (1.0%)0.59

    Values are expressed as the median (interquartile range), mean±sd, or number and frequency. The p-values refer to a comparison between patients with and without new-onset dyspnoea. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; ICU: intensive care unit; IL: interleukin.

    • TABLE 2

      Characteristics of patients evaluated at the ambulatory care visit according to the presence of new-onset dyspnoea

      Available dataAll (177)Patients with new-onset dyspnoea (78)Patients without new-onset dyspnoea (99)p-value
      Time from hospital discharge to the outpatient clinic, days177125 (107–144)118 (105–140)126 (108–146)0.28
      Assessment at the ambulatory care visit
       mMRC scale score for dyspnoea177<0.0001
      •   0

      87 (49.2%)22 (28.2%)65 (65.7%)
      •   1–2

      76 (42.9%)48 (61.5%)28 (28.3%)
      •   3–4

      14 (7.9%)8 (10.3%)6 (6.0%)
       New-onset cough17723 (13.0%)15 (19.2%)8 (8.1%)0.04
       6-min walk distance, m161462 (380–507)450 (377–495)474 (384–516)0.35
       Abnormal HRCT of the chest171108 (63.2%)47 (61.0%)61 (64.9%)0.72
       Reticulations17191 (53.2%)41 (53.2%)50 (53.2%)1
       Persistent ground-glass opacities17172 (42.1%)36 (46.8%)36 (38.3%)0.30
       Fibrotic lesions17133 (19.3%)18 (23.1%)15 (16.0%)0.28
       Pulmonary function tests
         FEV1, % pred15790.8±17.887.8±16.593.3±18.50.06
         FEV1/VC, % pred15782.1±7.482.3±6.982.0±7.90.77
       VC, % pred15289.1±16.485.6±16.392.1±16.00.02
       TLC, % pred14982.8±15.380.0±15.285.1±15.00.04
       DLCO, % pred15286.7±22.785.6±23.787.7±22.10.57
       DLCO<70%15233 (21.7%)17 (24.6%)16 (19.3%)0.55
       Nijmegen score>2216836 (21.4%)23 (29.5%)13 (14.1%)0.02
       LVEF≤50% on echocardiography8310 (12.0%)6 (15.0%)4 (9.3%)0.50

      Values are expressed as the median (interquartile range), mean±sd, or number and frequency. The p-values refer to a comparison between patients with and without new-onset dyspnoea.

      DLCO: diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration; HRCT: high-resolution computed tomography; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council; VC: vital capacity.

      • TABLE 3

        Lung abnormalities on HRCT at the ambulatory care visit (n=171)

        Ground-glass opacities
         Ground-glass opacities, n (%)72 (42.1%)
         Extent of ground-glass opacities
          0%98 (57.3%)
          1–10%50 (29.2%)
          11–25%19 (11.1%)
          26–50%3 (1.8%)
        Consolidations
         Consolidations n (%)10 (5.9%)
         Extent of consolidations
          0%160 (93.6%)
          1–10%8 (4.7%)
          11–25%2 (1.2%)
        Reticulations and crazy paving
         Reticulations, n (%)91 (53.2%)
         Crazy paving, n (%)2 (1.2%)
        Fibrotic lesions
         Fibrotic lesions, n (%)33 (19.3%)
         Extent of fibrotic lesions
          0%138 (80.7)
          1–10%17 (9.9%)
          11–25%13 (7.6%)
          26–50%2 (1.2%)
        Other abnormalities
         Emphysema, n (%)11 (6.4%)
         Pleural effusion, n (%)3 (1.8%)
      • TABLE 4

        Baseline and hospitalisation characteristics of patients who were evaluated at ambulatory care visits according to the presence of fibrotic lesions in lungs

        Available dataAll (171)Patients with fibrotic lesions (33)Patients without fibrotic lesions (138)p-value
        Demographic data
         Age, years17157.3±13.261.2±10.956.3±13.60.03
         Women17165 (38.2%)3 (9.1%)56 (40.9%)0.21
         Body mass index, kg·m–215929.1±5.428.2±4.929.4±5.50.24
        Smoking
         No (<5 pack-years)162125 (77.2%)22 (71.0%)103 (78.6%)
         Former (≥5 pack-years)16224 (14.8%)5 (16.1%)19 (14.5%)0.46
         Active16213 (8.0%)4 (12.9%)9 (6.9%)
        Pre-COVID-19 comorbidities
         Respiratory disease
        •   COPD

        1705 (2.9%)1 (3.0%)4 (2.9%)1
        •   Other than COPD

        17030 (17.6%)5 (15.2%)25 (18.2%)0.87
         Hypertension17074 (43.5%)12 (36.4%)62 (45.3%)0.47
         Chronic heart disease17014 (8.2%) 3 (9.1%)11 (8.0%)0.74
         Diabetes17051 (30.0%)7 (21.2%)44 (32.1%)0.31
         Chronic kidney disease17016 (9.4%)1 (3.0%)15 (10.9%)0.32
         Declared psychiatric disorder17010 (5.9%)5 (15.2%)5 (3.7%)0.03
         Neurodegenerative disorder1702 (1.2%)0 (0%)2 (1.5%)1
         Alcohol misuse1618 (5.0%)1 (3.2%)7 (5.4%)1
         Active cancer1703 (1.8%)1 (3.0%)2 (1.5%)0.48
         Other immunosuppression1707 (4.1%)1 (3.0%)6 (4.4%)1.0
         Long-term dialysis1706 (3.5%)0 (0%)6 (4.4%)0.60
         HIV infection1702 (1.2%)0 (0%)2 (1.5%)1
         Solid organ transplantation1704 (2.3%)0 (0%)4 (2.9%)1
         Liver disease1705 (2.9%)0 (0%)5 (3.7%)0.58
         Pregnancy1701 (0.6%)0 (0%)1 (0.7%)1
        Hospitalisation characteristics
         Total duration of hospitalisation, days17013 (6–25)27 (15–44)11 (5–17)<0.001
         Hospitalisation in the ICU17094 (55.3%)39 (87.9%)65 (47.4%)<0.001
         Duration of ICU stay, days1709 (4–22)22 (5–33)8 (3–14)0.006
         High flow oxygen17044 (46.8%)18 (62.1%)26 (40%)0.08
         Intubation during hospitalisation17049 (52.1%)18 (62.1%)31 (47.7%)0.29
         Duration of intubation, days17020 (12–34)28 (16–43)18 (10–25)0.03
         Pulmonary embolism17129 (17.0%)13 (39.4%)16 (11.6%)<0.001
         Active anticoagulation (at the full therapeutic dose)17049 (28.8%)15 (45.5%)34 (24.8%)0.03
        Specific treatments during hospitalisation
         Azithromycin17053 (31.2%)12 (36.4%)41 (29.9%)0.61
         Anti-IL-617026 (15.3%)12 (36.4%)14 (10.2%)0.001
         Hydroxychloroquine17018 (10.6%)5 (15.2%)13 (9.5%)0.35
         Corticosteroids1707 (4.1%)3 (9.1%)4 (2.9%)0.13
         Lopinavir/ritonavir1707 (4.1%)2 (6.1%)5 (3.7%)0.62
         Anti-IL-11708 (4.7%)3 (9.1%)5 (3.7%)0.19
         Remdesivir1703 (1.8%)0 (0%)3 (2.2%)1

        Values are expressed as the median (interquartile range), mean±sd, or number and frequency. The p-values refer to a comparison between patients with and without fibrotic lesions.

        COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; ICU: intensive care unit; IL: interleukin.

        • TABLE 5

          Characteristics of patients evaluated at the ambulatory care visit according to the presence of fibrotic lesions in lungs

          Available dataAll (171)Patients with fibrotic lesions (33)Patients without fibrotic lesions (138)p-value
          Time from hospital discharge to the outpatient clinic, days171122 (106–143)109 (94–125)127 (109–146)0.004
          Assessment at the ambulatory care visit
           New-onset dyspnoea17176 (44.4%)18 (54.5%)58 (42.0%)0.28
           mMRC scale score for dyspnoea1710.65
          •   0

          83 (48.5%)15 (45.5%)68 (49.3%)
          •   1–2

          74 (43.3%)14 (42.4%)60 (43.5%)
          •   3–4

          14 (8.2%)4 (12.1%)10 (7.2%)
           New-onset cough17122 (13.3%)5 (15.1%)17 (12.3%)0.77
           6-min walk distance, m155459 (378–504)486 (401–510)454 (375–498)0.24
           Abnormal HRCT of the chest171108 (63.5%)33 (100%)75 (54.5%)<0.001
           Reticulations17191 (53.5%)31 (93.9%)60 (43.5%)<0.001
           Persistent ground-glass opacities17172 (42.1%)22 (66.6%)50 (36.2%)0.03
           Pulmonary function tests
             FEV1, % pred15190.9±18.086.2±20.092.1±17.30.14
             FEV1/VC, %15182.0±7.582.3±6.382.0±7.80.82
             VC, % pred14689.2±16.380.6±20.091.5±14.40.007
             TLC, % pred14382.6±15.274.1±13.784.9±14.8<0.001
             DLCO, % pred14686.5±22.873.3±17.989.7±22.8<0.001
             DLCO<70%14632 (21.9%)12 (41.4%)20 (17.1%)0.01
           Nijmegen score>2216235 (21.6%)2 (6.3%)33 (25.4%)0.03
           LVEF≤50% on echocardiography8010 (12.5%)5 (19.2%)5 (9.3%)0.28

          Values are expressed as the median (interquartile range), mean±sd, or number and frequency. The p-values refer to a comparison between patients with and without fibrotic lesions.

          DLCO: diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration; HRCT: high-resolution computed tomography; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council; VC: vital capacity.

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          Respiratory symptoms and radiological findings in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome
          Etienne-Marie Jutant, Olivier Meyrignac, Antoine Beurnier, Xavier Jaïs, Tai Pham, Luc Morin, Athénaïs Boucly, Sophie Bulifon, Samy Figueiredo, Anatole Harrois, Mitja Jevnikar, Nicolas Noël, Jérémie Pichon, Anne Roche, Andrei Seferian, Samer Soliman, Jacques Duranteau, Laurent Becquemont, Xavier Monnet, Olivier Sitbon, Marie-France Bellin, Marc Humbert, Laurent Savale, David Montani
          ERJ Open Research Apr 2022, 8 (2) 00479-2021; DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00479-2021

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          Respiratory symptoms and radiological findings in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome
          Etienne-Marie Jutant, Olivier Meyrignac, Antoine Beurnier, Xavier Jaïs, Tai Pham, Luc Morin, Athénaïs Boucly, Sophie Bulifon, Samy Figueiredo, Anatole Harrois, Mitja Jevnikar, Nicolas Noël, Jérémie Pichon, Anne Roche, Andrei Seferian, Samer Soliman, Jacques Duranteau, Laurent Becquemont, Xavier Monnet, Olivier Sitbon, Marie-France Bellin, Marc Humbert, Laurent Savale, David Montani
          ERJ Open Research Apr 2022, 8 (2) 00479-2021; DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00479-2021
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