Figures
- FIGURE 1
The 10 most common disease pathways to multimorbidity before sleep apnoea diagnosis based on the sequence of the first two chronic diseases. The group “other cardiovascular disease” does not include ischaemic heart disease.
- FIGURE 2
Number of chronic diseases at the time of sleep apnoea diagnosis for individuals with incident sleep apnoea (n=25 324), matched controls (n=25 324) and the general population (n=3 223 399).
Tables
- TABLE 1
Demographics for the incident sleep apnoea cohort at the time of sleep apnoea diagnosis, matched control population and total adult population using healthcare services in 2017 (i.e. the general population)
Population Male Age, years (mean) Age 18–65 years Age 65–74 years Age ≥75 years Multimorbidity (≥2 chronic diseases) Incident sleep apnoea All 25 324 64.2 57.2 68.8 22.7 8.6 63.3 Male 16 263 56.3 70.6 21.6 7.8 58.3 Female 9061 58.8 65.5 24.7 9.9 72.4 Matched controls All 25 324 64.2 57.2 68.8 22.7 8.6 61.6 Male 16 263 56.3 70.6 21.6 7.8 56.5 Female 9061 58.8 65.5 24.7 9.9 70.5 General population 3 223 399 42.9 52.1 67.7 17.1 15.25 38.1 Data are presented as n or %.
- TABLE 2
Number and percentage of chronic comorbidities (as elaborated in the supplementary material) at the time of sleep apnoea diagnosis for all those diagnosed with sleep apnoea in Finland in 2017
Men (n=16 263) Women (n=9061) Cases (n) Prevalence (%) Cases (n) Prevalence (%) p-value Cancer 871 5.36 536 5.92 0.070 Kidney and urinary tract disease 555 3.41 232 2.56 <0.001 Thyroid disease 337 2.07 891 9.83 <0.001 Other metabolic disease 563 3.46 552 6.09 <0.001 Diabetes 3324 20.44 1705 18.82 0.006 Obesity 1053 6.47 1053 11.62 <0.001 Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease 311 1.91 335 3.70 <0.001 Dementia and other cerebral disorders 703 4.32 291 3.21 <0.001 Schizophrenia and delusional disorders 215 1.32 141 1.56 0.133 Mood and neurotic disorders 1606 9.88 1746 19.27 <0.001 Nonorganic sleep disorders 355 2.18 335 3.70 <0.001 Neurological disorders 1221 7.51 1232 13.60 <0.001 Glaucoma 234 1.44 193 2.13 <0.001 Hypertension 4217 25.93 2752 30.37 <0.001 Cardiovascular disease 3757 23.10 2202 24.30 0.059 Atrial fibrillation 1496 9.20 634 7.00 <0.001 Other respiratory disease 1653 10.16 1311 14.47 <0.001 Gastrointestinal disease 2671 16.42 2065 22.79 <0.001 Musculoskeletal disease 5797 35.65 4717 52.06 <0.001 Urogenital disease 1440 8.85 206 2.27 <0.001 Heart failure 624 3.84 319 3.52 <0.001 Cerebrovascular disease 532 3.27 296 3.27 0.211 Organic sleep disorders 197 1.21 175 1.93 0.985 Asthma 967 5.94 1137 12.55 <0.001 COPD 572 3.52 293 3.23 0.744 Dyslipidaemia 1745 10.73 985 10.87 0.242 - TABLE 3
Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for prevalence of major chronic disease (as elaborated in the supplementary material) among individuals with incident sleep apnoea versus matched controls
All, sleep apnoea versus matched controls Men, sleep apnoea versus matched controls Women, sleep apnoea versus matched controls Obesity 4.12 (3.74–4.53) 4.64 (4.03–5.35) 3.75 (3.29–4.27) Organic sleep disorders 3.13 (2.60–3.77) 4.14 (3.02–5.68) 4.80 (3.36–6.86) Heart failure 1.98 (1.77–2.22) 1.90 (1.66–2.18) 2.15 (1.77–2.62) Other respiratory disease 1.80 (1.69–1.92) 1.90 (1.74–2.07) 1.79 (1.63–1.96) Asthma 1.74 (1.62–1.87) 1.57 (1.41–1.74) 1.98 (1.79–2.20) Other metabolic disease 1.71 (1.55–1.88) 1.66 (1.45–1.91) 1.78 (1.55–2.05) COPD 1.57 (1.41–1.75) 1.43 (1.26–1.63) 1.96 (1.61–2.39) Diabetes 1.51 (1.44–1.59) 1.44 (1.36–1.52) 1.68 (1.55–1.82) Atrial fibrillation 1.50 (1.40–1.61) 1.48 (1.36–1.6) 1.56 (1.37–1.77) Hypertension 1.48 (1.42–1.55) 1.45 (1.37–1.52) 1.55 (1.45–1.66) Nonorganic sleep disorders 1.47 (1.30–1.65) 1.37 (1.16–1.61) 1.59 (1.34–1.9) Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease 1.32 (1.17–1.49) 1.09 (0.93–1.28) 1.65 (1.38–1.97) Mood and neurotic disorders 1.29 (1.22–1.36) 1.18 (1.09–1.27) 1.44 (1.33–1.55) Thyroid disease 1.29 (1.18–1.40) 1.21 (1.03–1.42) 1.33 (1.20–1.48) Dyslipidaemia 1.27 (1.20–1.35) 1.31 (1.22–1.42) 1.24 (1.13–1.37) Kidney and urinary tract disease 1.23 (1.10–1.37) 1.17 (1.03–1.32) 1.40 (1.14–1.71) Cardiovascular disease 1.20 (1.15–1.26) 1.17 (1.11–1.23) 1.27 (1.18–1.36) Cerebrovascular disease 1.07 (0.97–1.18) 0.98 (0.86–1.10) 1.29 (1.08–1.54) Urogenital disease 1.06 (0.99–1.14) 1.10 (1.02–1.19) 0.86 (0.71–1.04) Musculoskeletal disorders 1.02 (0.99–1.06) 0.99 (0.94–1.03) 1.08 (1.02–1.15) Neurological disorders 1.02 (0.96–1.08) 0.99 (0.91–1.07) 1.05 (0.96–1.14) Gastrointestinal disease 0.92 (0.88–0.97) 0.86 (0.81–0.91) 1.02 (0.96–1.10) Glaucoma 0.91 (0.80–1.04) 0.88 (0.74–1.06) 0.94 (0.77–1.15) Cancer 0.69 (0.64–0.74) 0.72 (0.66–0.79) 0.64 (0.57–0.72) Schizophrenia and delusional disorders 0.69 (0.60–0.79) 0.63 (0.53–0.75) 0.79 (0.63–0.99) Dementia and other cerebral disorders 0.62 (0.57–0.67) 0.58 (0.53–0.64) 0.71 (0.61–0.82) - TABLE 4
Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for prevalence of major chronic disease (as elaborated in the supplementary material) among individuals with incident sleep apnoea versus general population (i.e. the total adult population in Finland who used public healthcare services in 2017)
All, sleep apnoea versus general population Men, sleep apnoea versus general population Women, sleep apnoea versus general population Organic sleep disorders 8.94 (8.14–9.83) 6.98 (6.03–8.07) 8.27 (7.10–9.63) Obesity 7.19 (6.87–7.53) 7.70 (7.22–8.22) 8.57 (8.03–9.15) COPD 3.17 (2.96–3.39) 2.35 (2.16–2.55) 4.23 (3.76–4.76) Other respiratory disease 2.73 (2.63–2.84) 2.78 (2.64–2.93) 3.11 (2.93–3.30) Diabetes 2.72 (2.64–2.81) 2.37 (2.28–2.46) 2.96 (2.80–3.12) Other metabolic disease 2.67 (2.51–2.84) 2.43 (2.32–2.54) 3.16 (2.90–3.44) Hypertension 2.65 (2.57–2.72) 2.58 (2.49–2.68) 2.92 (2.79–3.05) Asthma 2.62 (2.51–2.74) 2.43 (2.28–2.60) 3.49 (3.28–3.72) Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease 2.53 (2.34–2.74) 2.22 (1.98–2.49) 3.34 (2.99–3.73) Nonorganic sleep disorders 2.45 (2.27–2.64) 2.42 (2.17–2.69) 2.93 (2.63–3.27) Heart failure 2.42 (2.26–2.58) 2.56 (2.36–2.78) 2.23 (2.00–2.50) Dyslipidaemia 2.39 (2.30–2.49) 2.31 (2.20–2.43) 2.47 (2.31–2.64) Kidney and urinary tract disease 2.25 (2.09–2.42) 1.89 (1.74–2.06) 2.39 (2.10–2.73) Cardiovascular disease 2.09 (2.03–2.15) 1.45 (1.33–1.58) 1.93 (1.71–2.16) Atrial fibrillation 2.04 (1.95–2.13) 1.91 (1.81–2.02) 1.91 (1.76–2.07) Urogenital disease 2.03 (1.93–2.13) 1.57 (1.49–1.66) 1.59 (1.39–1.83) Musculoskeletal disorders 1.98 (1.93–2.03) 1.94 (1.88–2.00) 2.59 (2.48–2.70) Mood and neurotic disorders 1.79 (1.73–1.86) 1.74 (1.65–1.84) 2.33 (2.21–2.45) Neurological disorders 1.69 (1.62–1.76) 1.65 (1.56–1.75) 2.12 (1.99–2.25) Cerebrovascular disease 1.69 (1.58–1.81) 1.45 (1.33–1.58) 1.93 (1.71–2.16) Thyroid disease 1.64 (1.54–1.73) 1.89 (1.70–2.11) 2.34 (2.18–2.51) Gastrointestinal disease 1.58 (1.53–1.63) 1.51 (1.44–1.57) 1.87 (1.78–1.97) Cancer 1.14 (1.08–1.21) 1.02 (0.96–1.10) 1.29 (1.19–1.41) Glaucoma 1.12 (1.02–1.24) 1.11 (0.98–1.27) 1.29 (1.12–1.48) Schizophrenia and delusional disorders 1.10 (0.99–1.22) 0.90 (0.79–1.04) 1.36 (1.15–1.60) Dementia and other cerebral disorders 0.92 (0.87–0.98) 0.87 (0.80–0.93) 0.86 (0.77–0.97)
Supplementary Material
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Supplementary material 00646-2021.supplement
