Tables
- TABLE 1
Descriptive values
Whole sample Women Men Cannabis use (joint-years) 0.08 (0–28) 0.03 (0–26.45) 0.17 (0–28) Cannabis use (non-tobacco users only) 0.01 (0–28) 0 (0–19.32) 0.03 (0–28) Cannabis use (tobacco and cannabis users only) 0.62 (0.003–27.97) 0.23 (0.003–26.45) 2.12 (0.003–27.97) Tobacco use (pack-years) 0.11 (0–51.03) 0.25 (0–41.41) 0 (0–51.03) BMI (kg·m−2) 27.6 (16.2–62.2) 27.1 (16.2–62.2) 27.8 (19.0–47.5) Childhood SES 3.3 (1–6) 3.3 (1–6) 3.3 (1–6) Adult SES 4 (1–6) 4 (1–6) 4 (1–6) Data are presented as median (range). Socioeconomic status (SES) is on a 1–6 scale with 1 representing the highest SES. Childhood SES is based on parental occupations between birth and age 15 years. Adult SES is based on occupation at age 45 years.
- TABLE 2
Pre-bronchodilator impulse oscillometry (IOS) values at age 45 years
Women Men Participants (n) Mean (95% CI) Participants (n) Mean (95% CI) R5 (cmH2O·L·s−1) 441 5.17 (5.00–5.35) 454 4.49 (4.34–4.64) R20 (cmH2O·L·s−1) 441 4.15 (4.01–4.28) 454 3.65 (3.54–3.77) R5–R20 (cmH2O·L·s−1) 441 1.03 (0.94–1.13) 454 0.84 (0.76–0.84) X5 (cmH2O·L·s−1) 440 −1.60 (−1.69– −1.50) 454 −1.19 (−1.26– −1.12) AX (cmH2O·L·s−1) 437 6.99 (6.32–7.67) 449 4.86 (4.35–5.37) fres (Hz) 440 14.29 (13.81–14.77) 452 13.06 (12.61–13.51) Means are geometric means of raw IOS values. The n values differ slightly because of missing data. R5: resistance at 5 Hz; R20: resistance at 20 Hz; R5−R20: difference between R5 and R20; X5: reactance at 5 Hz; AX: area under the reactance curve between 5 Hz and resonant frequency (fres).
- TABLE 3
Adjusted associations of cannabis and tobacco with pre-bronchodilator impulse oscillometry (IOS) measures for the whole sample
R5 R20 R5−R20 X5 AX fres Participants (n) 877 877 877 876 868 870 Joint-years β (95% CI) 0.104 (0.033–0.175) 0.073 (−0.001–0.148) 0.086 (0.013–0.158) 0.110 (0.039–0.174) 0.130 (0.060–0.200) 0.133 (0.062–0.204) p-value 0.004 0.054 0.020 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 Pack-years β (95% CI) 0.042 (−0.029–0.113) 0.003 (−0.072–0.077) 0.076 (0.004–0.149) 0.041 (−0.027–0.108) 0.052 (−0.018–0.123) 0.047 (−0.025–0.119) p-value 0.248 0.946 0.039 0.237 0.147 0.197 Interaction term# (p-value) 0.031 0.131 0.034 0.062 0.034 0.054 All IOS measures are log-transformed and analyses are adjusted for use of both substances and also adjusted for sex, body mass index and height. Bolded values are statistically significant. β-values are standardised regression coefficients, which represent the standard deviation difference in IOS measure associated with each standard deviation change in joint- or pack-years. R5: resistance at 5 Hz; R20: resistance at 20 Hz; R5−R20: difference between R5 and R20; X5: reactance at 5 Hz; AX: area under the reactance curve between 5 Hz and resonant frequency (fres). #: interaction term p-values are for joint-years by sex in the adjusted model for each IOS measure tested for after the adjusted model was run.
- TABLE 4
Adjusted associations of cannabis and tobacco with pre-bronchodilator impulse oscillometry (IOS) measures stratified by sex
R5 R20 R5−R20 X5 AX fres Women Participants (n) 434 434 434 433 430 432 Joint-years β (95% CI) 0.187 (0.058–0.315) 0.150 (0.014–0.286) 0.137 (−0.007–0.281) 0.234 (0.109–0.358) 0.240 (0.116–0.364) 0.222 (0.095–0.350) p-value 0.004 0.030 0.061 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 Pack-years β (95% CI) 0.058 (−0.058–0.175) −0.005 (−0.128–0.119) 0.139 (0.009–0.270) −0.038 (−0.151–0.075) 0.015 (−0.098–0.128) 0.030 (−0.086–0.146) p-value 0.327 0.940 0.037 0.510 0.796 0.612 Men Participants (n) 443 443 443 443 438 438 Joint-years β (95% CI) 0.070 (−0.015–0.156) 0.042 (−0.047–0.132) 0.066 (−0.011–0.143) 0.053 (−0.026–0.113) 0.083 (−0.003–0.168) 0.094 (0.009–0.179) p-value 0.107 0.351 0.095 0.186 0.058 0.030 Pack-years β (95% CI) 0.024 (−0.066–0.114) <0.001 (−0.095–0.094) 0.032 (−0.049–0114) 0.079 (−0.005–0.163) 0.067 (−0.024–0.158) 0.051 (−0.040–0.142) p-value 0.599 0.996 0.437 0.064 0.150 0.272 All IOS measures are transformed and analyses are adjusted for use of both substances and also adjusted for body mass index and height; significant associations are shown in bold. β-values are standardised regression coefficients, which represent the standard deviation difference in IOS measure associated with each standard deviation change in joint- or pack-years. R5: resistance at 5 Hz; R20: resistance at 20 Hz; R5−R20: difference between R5 and R20; X5: reactance at 5 Hz; AX: area under the reactance curve between 5 Hz and resonant frequency (fres).
- TABLE 5
Longitudinal analyses of cannabis and tobacco use between ages 38 and 45 years with pre-bronchodilator impulse oscillometry (IOS) measures for the whole sample
R5 R20 R5−R20 X5 AX fres Participants (n) 864 864 864 862 856 857 Joint-years 38–45 years β (95% CI) 0.078 (0.023–0.132) 0.060 (−0.002–0.121) 0.043 (−0.014–0.100) 0.059 (0.003–0.114) 0.076 (0.023–0.129) 0.091 (0.037–0.145) p-value 0.005 0.056 0.140 0.038 0.005 0.001 Pack-years 38–45 years β (95% CI) 0.017 (−0.038–0.072) −0.004 (−0.066–0.058) 0.044 (−0.014–0.101) 0.048 (−0.009–0.104) 0.037 (−0.016–0.091) 0.015 (−0.040–0.069) p-value 0.553 0.903 0.134 0.099 0.173 0.601 All IOS measures are log-transformed. Analyses are adjusted for use of both substances and also adjusted for sex, body mass index, height and the relevant IOS measure at age 38 years (e.g. resistance at 5 Hz (R5) at 38 years is the adjustment for age 45 years R5); bolded values are statistically significant. β-values are standardised regression coefficients, which represent the standard deviation difference in IOS measure associated with each standard deviation change in joint- or pack-years. R20: resistance at 20 Hz; R5−R20: difference between R5 and R20; X5: reactance at 5 Hz; AX: area under the reactance curve between 5 Hz and resonant frequency (fres).
- TABLE 6
Longitudinal analyses of cannabis and tobacco use between ages 38 and 45 years with pre-bronchodilator impulse oscillometry (IOS) measures stratified by sex
R5 R20 R5−R20 X5 AX fres Women Participants (n) 426 426 426 425 422 423 Joint-years 38–45 years β (95% CI) 0.125 (0.035–0.214) 0.075 (−0.025–0.176) 0.085 (−0.019–0.189) 0.125 (0.035–0.218) 0.140 (0.054–0.226) 0.129 (0.042–0.217) p-value 0.006 0.142 0.109 0.008 0.001 0.004 Pack-years 38–45 years β (95% CI) 0.002 (−0.107–0.111) −0.007 (−0.129–0.115) 0.077 (−0.049–0.203) −0.064 (−0.176–0.047) −0.017 (−0.121–0.087) 0.013 (−0.093–0.120) p-value 0.972 0.906 0.232 0.258 0.749 0.804 Men Participants (n) 438 438 438 437 434 434 Joint-years 38–45 years β (95% CI) 0.049 (−0.019–0.117) 0.049 (−0.029–0.127) 0.015 (−0.047–0.077) 0.023 (−0.045–0.091) 0.039 (−0.028–0.107) 0.066 (−0.003–0.135) p-value 0.158 0.214 0.644 0.510 0.255 0.062 Pack-years 38–45 years β (95% CI) 0.025 (−0.038–0.088) <0.001 (−0.073–0.073) 0.034 (−0.023–0.091) 0.093 (0.029–0.157) 0.060 (−0.003–0.122) 0.017 (−0.047–0.081) p-value 0.432 0.999 0.242 0.005 0.063 0.601 All IOS measures are log-transformed and analyses are adjusted for use of both substances and also adjusted for body mass index, height and the relevant IOS measure at age 38 years (e.g. resistance at 5 Hz (R5) at 38 years is the adjustment for age 45 years R5); statistically significant associations are bolded. β-values are standardised regression coefficients, which represent the standard deviation difference in IOS measure associated with each standard deviation change in joint- or pack-years. R20: resistance at 20 Hz; R5−R20: difference between R5 and R20; X5: reactance at 5 Hz; AX: area under the reactance curve between 5 Hz and resonant frequency (fres).
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary Material
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Supplementary material 00688-2021.SUPPLEMENT