Figures
- FIGURE 1
Prevalence of respiratory symptoms in the general population over 40 years of age by a) sex and b) smoking habit. CMH: chronic mucus hypersecretion; CAT: COPD Assessment Test.
- FIGURE 2
Prevalence of respiratory symptoms in three population-based epidemiological surveys conducted in Spain in 1999, 2009 and 2019. CMH: chronic mucus hypersecretion; CAO: chronic airflow obstruction.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants by sex and smoking
Global Men Women p-value Smokers Never-smokers p-value Subjects n 9092 4311 4781 4910 4182 Age years 60.2±11.1 60.1±10.8 60.4±11.3 0.1553 59.4±10.2 61.2±12.0 <0.0001 BMI kg·m−2 27.5±5.0 28.1±4.4 27.01±5.4 <0.0001 27.4±4.8 27.6±5.1 0.0706 Active smoker % 19.8 21.6 18.1 <0.0001 36.6 Ex-smoker % 34.2 39.9 29.1 63.4 Never-smoker % 46.0 38.5 52.8 100 Pack-years 26.3±22.9 30.0±24.8 21.9±19.6 <0.0001 26.3±22.9 FVC L 3.7±1.0 4.32±0.9 3.1±0.7 <0.0001 3.8±0.9 3.2±1.1 <0.0001 FVC % 101.0±14.9 100.5±14.9 101.5±14.9 <0.0001 100.9±14.5 101.2±15.4 0.2152 FEV1 L 2.9±0.8 3.34±0.8 2.4±0.6 <0.0001 2.9±0.8 2.8±0.9 <0.0001 FEV1 % pred 100.6±17.1 99.64±17.7 101.5±16.5 <0.0001 98.8±17.2 102.7±16.8 <0.0001 FEV1/FVC 78.2±7.8 77.08±8.5 79.12±7.04 <0.0001 76.9±8.5 79.7±6.7 <0.0001 Charlson comorbidity index 0.36±0.87 0.42±0.97 0.30±0.77 <0.0001 0.40±0.94 0.30±0.78 <0.0001 COTE index 1.01±2.25 0.64±1.72 1.34±2.59 <0.0001 1.06±2.29 0.95±2.20 0.0256 Possible depression % 11.1 9.5 12.6 <0.0001 11.0 11.2 0.9141 Possible anxiety % 26.6 19.7 32.8 <0.0001 26.4 26.8 0.1447 YPAS 50.0±23.8 52.7±25.1 47.7±22.5 <0.0001 50.0±23.9 50.1±14.0 0.8135 Values are mean±sd, unless otherwise specified. BMI: body mass index; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; COTE: COPD specific comorbidity test; YPAS: Yale Physical Activity Questionnaire.
- TABLE 2
Prevalence of respiratory symptoms and chronic airflow obstruction in the study participants by sex and smoking
Global Men Women p-value Smokers Never-smokers p-value Subjects n 9092 4311 4781 4910 4182 Chronic cough 15.9 14.9 16.8 0.0146 19.5 11.6 <0.0001 CMH 13.0 15.0 11.2 <0.0001 17.0 8.3 <0.0001 Wheezing 33.7 33.6 33.8 0.7927 41.4 24.7 <0.0001 Dyspnoea one floor 13.1 8.3 17.5 <0.0001 13.4 12.8 0.4333 Any dyspnoea 26.8 22.0 31.1 <0.0001 27.0 26.5 0.6041 Dyspnoea mMRC <0.0001 0.9011 0 73.2 78.0 68.9 73.0 73.5 I 21.8 18.1 25.1 21.9 21.6 II 3.8 2.9 4.7 3.8 3.9 III 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0 IV 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Chronic bronchitis 4.7 5.0 4.3 0.1387 6.7 2.3 <0.0001 Any symptom 47.5 45.5 49.4 0.0002 55.4 38.3 <0.0001 CAT score, mean±sd 6.4±5.8 5.8±5.4 6.8±6.1 <0.0001 6.8±5.8 5.9±5.7 <0.0001 CAT >10 19.6 16.2 22.8 <0.0001 21.5 17.5 <0.0001 Asthma 7.9 6.2 9.4 <0.0001 6.6 9.4 <0.0001 Chronic airflow limitation (FR) 11.8 14.6 9.4 <0.0001 16.0 7.0 <0.0001 Chronic airflow limitation (LLN) 6.0 7.1 4.9 <0.0001 8.8 2.7 <0.0001 Values are % unless otherwise specified. CMH: chronic mucus hypersecretion; mMRC: Modified Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale; CAT: COPD Assessment Test; FR: fixed ratio; LLN: lower limit of normal.
- TABLE 3
Unadjusted and adjusted association between patients’ characteristics and the presence of dyspnoea and wheezing
Variables Dyspnoea Wheezing Unadjusted analysis Adjusted analysis Unadjusted analysis Adjusted analysis OR (95% CI) p-value OR (95% CI) p-value OR (95% CI) p-value OR (95% CI) p-value Sex Male Ref Ref Ref Female 2.355 (2.062–2.691) <0.0001 3.056 2.597–3.597) <0.0001 1.012 (0.927–1.105) 0.7928 Age years 1.039 (1.033–1.045) <0.0001 1.029 (1.022–1.036) <0.0001 0.997 (0.993–1.001) 0.2092 BMI kg·m−2 1.111 (1.098–1.124) <0.0001 1.093 (1.078–1.107) <0.0001 1.054 (1.045–1.064) <0.0001 1.043 (1.033–1.052) <0.0001 Smoking pack-years 0 Ref Ref Ref Ref 0–10 0.775 (0.632–0.951) 0.0145 1.162 (0.919–1.470) 0.2107 1.448 (1.263–1.661) <0.0001 1.627 (1.409–1.879) <0.0001 10–20 0.748 (0.598–0.935) 0.0107 1.076 (0.835–1.386) 0.5704 1.818 (1.575–2.099) <0.0001 1.930 (1.659–2.245) <0.0001 20–30 0.930 (0.748–1.158) 0.5175 1.252 (0.972–1.612) 0.0815 2.154 (1.857–2.499) <0.0001 2.138 (1.828–2.502) <0.0001 >30 1.593 (1.362–1.864) <0.0001 1.529 (1.262–1.854) <0.0001 3.242 (2.870–3.662) <0.0001 2.659 (2.334–3.029) <0.0001 FEV1 % 0.966 (0.963–0.970) <0.0001 0.973 (0.969–0.977) <0.0001 0.972 (0.970–0.975) <0.0001 0.978 (0.975–0.981) <0.0001 Charlson comorbidity index 0 Ref Ref Ref 1 2.503 (2.147–2.919) <0.0001 1.700 (1.420–2.036) <0.0001 1.780 (1.578–2.009) <0.0001 1.372 (1.203–1.566) <0.0001 >1 3.409 (2.826–4.112) <0.0001 2.341 (1.873–2.926) <0.0001 1.665 (1.417–1.957) <0.0001 1.211 (1.015–1.446) 0.0335 Depression 4.167 (3.582–4.847) <0.0001 1.945 (1.606–2.356) <0.0001 1.543 (1.349–1.765) <0.0001 Anxiety 3.050 (2.685–3.464) <0.0001 2.302 (1.956–2.709) <0.0001 1.762 (1.599–1.942) <0.0001 1.769 (1.595–1.963) <0.0001 YPAS 0.975 (0.972–0.978) <0.0001 0.986 (0.983–0.989) <0.0001 0.995 (0.993–0.997) <0.0001 The analysis was adjusted for the following variables: body mass index (BMI); forced vital capacity (FVC); forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1); Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS); Yale Physical Activity Questionnaire (YPAS). Ref: reference.
- TABLE 4
Unadjusted and adjusted association between patients’ characteristics and chronic bronchitis and the presence of “any symptom”
Variables Chronic bronchitis “Any symptom” Unadjusted analysis Adjusted analysis Unadjusted analysis Adjusted analysis OR (95% CI) p-value OR (95% CI) p-value OR (95% CI) p-value OR (95% CI) p-value Sex Male Ref Ref Ref Female 0.859 (0.703–1.051) 0.1391 1.171 (1.076–1.274) 0.0002 1.435 (1.302–1.582) <0.0001 Age years 1.006 (0.997–1.015) 0.1891 1.010 (1.006–1.014) <0.0001 BMI kg·m−2 1.029 (1.010–1.049) 0.0025 1.063 (1.054–1.073) <0.0001 1.051 (1.041–1.062) <0.0001 Smoking pack-years 0 Ref Ref Ref Ref 0–10 1.174 (0.784–1.757) 0.4360 1.258 (0.828–1.911) 0.2829 1.221 (1.073–1.389) 0.0025 1.415 (1.232–1.625) <0.0001 10–20 1.769 (1.222–2.582) 0.0031 1.803 (1.223–2.657) 0.0029 1.703 (1.484–1.955) <0.0001 1.916 (1.651–2.224) <0.0001 20–30 3.097 (2.216–4.327) <0.0001 3.069 (2.174–4.333) <0.0001 2.038 (1.762–2.356) <0.0001 2.192 (1.872–2.566) <0.0001 >30 5.726 (4.409–7.435) <0.0001 4.808 (3.655–6.324) <0.0001 3.377 (2.982–3.824) <0.0001 2.987 (2.605–3.426) <0.0001 FEV1 % 0.968 (0.963–0.973) <0.0001 0.977 (0.971–0.982) <0.0001 0.969 (0.966–0.971) <0.0001 0.975 (0.972–0.978) <0.0001 Charlson comorbidity index 0 Ref Ref Ref 1 1.629 (1.257–3.113) 0.0002 1.909 (1.690–2.156) <0.0001 1.457 (1.273–1.667) <0.0001 >1 2.184 (1.607–2.968) <0.0001 2.119 (1.797–2.498) <0.0001 1.537 (1.280–1.845) <0.0001 Depression 2.774 (2.177–3.535) <0.0001 1.388 (1.040–1.852) 0.0259 2.210 (1.923–2.541) <0.0001 1.240 (1.050–1.464) 0.0113 Anxiety 2.723 (2.222–3.337) <0.0001 2.457 (1.940–3.110) <0.0001 2.029 (1.841–2.236) <0.0001 1.825 (1.626–2.048) <0.0001 YPAS 0.992 (0.987–0.996) 0.0003 0.991 (0.989–0.993) <0.0001 0.996 (0.994–0.998) <0.0001 The analysis was adjusted for the following variables: body mass index (BMI); forced vital capacity (FVC); forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1); Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS); Yale Physical Activity Questionnaire (YPAS). Ref: reference.
Supplementary Material
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Supplementary material 00067-2022.SUPPLEMENT
