Figures
- FIGURE 1
Flow chart of patients with COPD and their informal caregivers. PR: pulmonary rehabilitation.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Baseline characteristics of patients with COPD and their caregivers
Characteristics Patients with COPD Caregivers Subjects n 241 138 Age years 66.0±12.1 60.3±14.8 Sex, male 149 (61.8) 41 (29.7) BMI kg·m−2 26.5±7.7 27.3±5.8 Smoker status Current 39 (16.2) 30 (21.7) Former 181 (75.1) 27 (19.6) Never 17 (7.1) 68 (49.3) FEV1 % of predicted 39.0±18.5 FEV1/FVC % of predicted 56.3±19.7 LTOT 143 (59.3) NIV 85 (35.3) Marital status Married/living as a couple 153 (63.5) Widowed 38 (15.8) Separated/divorced 35 (14.5) Single 15 (6.2) Kin relationship with the patients Spouse 121 (87.7) Son/daughter 11 (8.0) Other 6 (4.3) Data are presented as mean±sd or n (%) unless otherwise stated. BMI: body mass index; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; LTOT: long-term oxygen therapy; NIV: noninvasive ventilation.
- TABLE 2
Effectiveness of the home-based pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) programme in both patients with COPD and their informal caregivers
Assessments Baseline M0 End of PR M2 ΔM2 – M0 p-value Informal caregivers Anxiety symptoms 9.5±4.7 8.5±4.9 −0.9±3.5 0.006 Depressive symptoms 5.2±4.1 4.3±3.5 −0.6±3.1 0.047 FAS score 21.9±7.7 20.1±7.2 −1.4±6.6 0.026 ZBI score 21.6±15.1 18.9±15.0 −2.5±11.4 0.024 Patients Anxiety symptoms 9.5±4.7 8.0±4.2 −1.5±3.6 <0.001 Depressive symptoms 8.0±3.9 5.8±4.0 −2.0±3.4 <0.001 FAS score 27.7±8.2 22.7±7.4 −4.6±7.0 <0.001 mMRC score 3.0±1.1 2.4±1.2 −0.5±0.8 <0.001 CCQ total score 3.1±1.1 2.3±1.1 −0.7±0.8 <0.001 6MST, strokes 302±157 398±172 83±61 <0.001 Data are presented as mean±sd. p-values were obtained using paired t-test. FAS: Fatigue Assessment Scale; ZBI: Zarit Burden Interview; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council scale; CCQ: Clinical COPD questionnaire; 6MST: 6-min stepper test.
- TABLE 3
Association between baseline characteristics of both patients with COPD and caregivers and changes in caregiver's burden, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and general fatigue after pulmonary rehabilitation (PR)
Caregivers Burden ΔM2 – M0 Anxiety symptoms ΔM2 – M0 Depressive symptoms ΔM2 – M0 General fatigue ΔM2 – M0 Estimate (se) p-value Estimate (se) p-value Estimate (se) p-value Estimate (se) p-value Baseline characteristics of patients Age >70 years 1.63 (2.20) 0.46 0.35 (0.67) 0.61 0.02 (0.55) 0.96 0.79 (1.21) 0.51 FEV1 % of pred value increase 0.01 (0.06) 0.80 −0.03 (0.02) 0.098 −0.01 (0.01) 0.27 −0.06 (0.03) 0.046 BMI >30 kg·m−2 0.66 (2.30) 0.77 −0.66 (0.68) 0.36 −0.46 (0.54) 0.40 −1.49 (1.19) 0.21 LTOT or NIV −7.51 (2.19) 0.042 0.69 (0.66) 0.30 0.50 (0.53) 0.35 1.18 (1.15) 0.31 Charlson index, 1-point increase 0.62 (0.38) 0.11 −0.14 (0.12) 0.23 −0.22 (0.09) 0.018 −0.19 (0.20) 0.35 Coronaropathy/peripheral arterial disease −4.82 (2.33) 0.041 −0.44 (0.72) 0.55 −0.30 (0.58) 0.61 0.38 (1.28) 0.77 Sex, female versus male 0.51 (2.32) 0.83 0.90 (0.69) 0.20 0.51 (0.55) 0.34 0.31 (1.21) 0.80 Anxiety score ≥11 0.46 (2.13) 0.83 0.22 (0.65) 0.73 −0.14 (0.53) 0.79 −0.27 (1.15) 0.81 Depression score ≥11 4.44 (2.45) 0.073 0.54 (0.77) 0.49 0.99 (0.61) 0.11 −0.71 (1.35) 0.60 FAS score ≥22 −0.73 (2.55) 0.77 1.11 (0.74) 0.13 −0.07 (0.60) 0.90 −0.65 (1.32) 0.62 6MST, 50 strokes 0.35 (0.39) 0.36 −0.04 (0.11) 0.73 −0.07 (0.09) 0.46 −0.03 (0.19) 0.89 mMRC, 1-point increase −2.51 (1.00) 0.014 0.24 (0.32) 0.45 −0.17 (0.25) 0.49 −0.27 (0.55) 0.63 Baseline characteristics of caregivers Age >70 years 0.85 (2.47) 0.73 0.53 (0.76) 0.48 −0.06 (0.60) 0.92 1.35 (1.33) 0.31 Sex, female versus male −1.17 (2.41) 0.63 −1.25 (0.72) 0.084 −0.92 (0.56) 0.10 −1.10 (1.27) 0.39 Anxiety score >11 4.55 (2.61) 0.083 −0.06 (0.68) 0.94 0.44 (1.48) 0.77 Depression score >11 6.54 (3.57) 0.094 −1.66 (1.26) 0.19 −1.12 (2.36) 0.63 FAS score ≥22 0.16 (2.30) 0.94 0.42 (0.74) 0.56 0.75 (0.62) 0.23 ZBI >24 2.13 (0.75) 0.005 0.83 (0.60) 0.17 1.78 (1.28) 0.17 Estimate (se) and p-values were obtained using linear regression model adjusted on baseline score values of caregivers. se: standard error; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; BMI: body mass index; LTOT: long-term oxygen therapy; NIV: noninvasive ventilation; FAS: Fatigue Assessment Scale; 6MST: 6-min stepper test; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council scale; ZBI: Zarit Burden Interview.
