Figures
- FIGURE 1
Mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) z-scores with 95% confidence intervals of healthy subjects in surveys conducted in different periods of time. Z-scores calculated according to Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI-2012) equations. BCRDS: Bergen Chronic Respiratory Disease Survey (1965–1970); PSWON: Pneumoconiosis Survey of Western Norway (1988–1990); HCRHS: Hordaland County Respiratory Health Survey (1996–1997); BD-HUSK: Bronchodilatation Survey of the Hordaland Health Study (1998–1999).
- FIGURE 2
Mean forced vital capacity (FVC) z-scores with 95% confidence intervals of healthy subjects in surveys conducted in different periods of time. Z-scores calculated according to Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI-2012) equations. BCRDS: Bergen Chronic Respiratory Disease Survey (1965–1970); PSWON: Pneumoconiosis Survey of Western Norway (1988–1990); HCRHS: Hordaland County Respiratory Health Survey (1996–1997); BD-HUSK: Bronchodilatation Survey of the Hordaland Health Study (1998–1999).
- FIGURE 3
Adjusted predictions of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) z-scores with 95% confidence intervals according to birth cohort, for subjects without a history of smoking, lung diseases and respiratory symptoms. Z-scores calculated according to Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI-2012) equations. Birth cohorts: 1894–1904, 1905–1914, 1915–1924, 1925–1934, 1935–1944, 1945–1954, 1955–1964, 1965–1969.
- FIGURE 4
Adjusted predictions of forced vital capacity (FVC) z-scores with 95% confidence intervals according to birth cohort, for subjects without a history of smoking, lung diseases and respiratory symptoms. Z-scores calculated according to Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI-2012) equations. Birth cohorts: 1894–1904, 1905–1914, 1915–1924, 1925–1934, 1935–1944, 1945–1954, 1955–1964, 1965–1969.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Characteristics and spirometry values of participants in the study population, stratified by sex and by survey
BCRDS PSWON HCRHS BD-HUSK Total Survey years 1965–1970 1988–1990 1996–1997 1998–1999 1965–1999 Birth years 1894–1943 1944–1958 1914–1969 1925–1951# 1894–1969 Number of subjects 5616 26 092 1993 2765 36 466 Males Subjects 2524 (45) 26 092 (100) 814 (41) 1101 (40) 30 531 (84) Age years 47.3±13.9 38.2±4.3 50.5±16.0 68.3±9.3 40.4±9.0 Height cm 174.6±6.6 178.8±6.3 177.5±6.9 175.7±6.6 178.3±6.5 Smoking status Nonsmoker 392 (16) 8133 (31) 267 (33) 247 (23) 9039 (30) Ex-smoker 461 (18) 6395 (25) 274 (34) 640 (59) 7770 (26) Current smoker 1671 (66) 11 488 (44) 273 (34) 206 (19) 13 638 (45) Pack-years 13.8±13.8 16.1±9.4 17.4±14.7 20.9±18.1 16.1±10.6 Education <11 years 982 (41) 3476 (14) 158 (20) 229 (21) 4845 (16) 11–13 years 1110 (47) 15 450 (60) 459 (57) 550 (50) 17 569 (59) 14–20+ years 292 (12) 6785 (26) 189 (23) 311 (29) 7577 (25) FEV1, L 3.88±1.05 4.28±0.62 3.68±0.95 2.90±0.74 4.18±0.74 FEV1, z-score 0.08±1.34 −0.08±0.96 −0.37±1.10 −0.55±1.10 −0.09±1.02 FVC, L 4.90±1.12 5.40±0.76 4.73±1.06 3.87±0.82 5.29±0.87 FVC, z-score 0.13±1.14 0.04±0.90 −0.26±0.95 −0.52±0.97 0.02±0.93 Females Subjects 3092 (55) - 1179 (59) 1664 (60) 5935 (16) Age years 48.3±14.0 - 50.6±15.0 60.8±12.2 52.3±14.8 Height cm 161.2±6.0 - 164.7±6.2 163.3±6.3 162.5±6.3 Smoking status Nonsmoker 1925 (62) - 533 (45) 782 (48) 3240 (55) Ex-smoker 144 (5) - 274 (23) 454 (28) 872 (15) Current smoker 1023 (33) - 372 (32) 396 (24) 1791 (30) Pack-years 6.6±6.2 - 11.9±10.1 13.3±11.0 9.9±9.4 Education <11 years 1717 (58) - 264 (23) 438 (27) 2419 (42) 11–13 years 1062 (36) - 649 (56) 862 (53) 2573 (44) 14–20+ years 198 (7) - 253 (22) 339 (21) 790 (14) FEV1, L 2.78±0.73 - 2.74±0.67 2.36±0.60 2.66±0.71 FEV1, z-score 0.10±1.29 - −0.20±1.04 −0.37±1.06 −0.09±1.20 FVC, L 3.38±0.79 - 3.43±0.76 3.00±0.69 3.28±0.78 FVC, z-score −0.02±1.13 - −0.16±0.93 −0.38±0.92 −0.15±1.05 Variables are presented as mean±sd or n (%) as appropriate. Z-scores calculated according to Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI-2012) equations. BCRDS: Bergen Chronic Respiratory Disease Survey; PSWON: Pneumoconiosis Survey of Western Norway; HCRHS: Hordaland County Respiratory Health Survey; BD-HUSK: Bronchodilatation Survey of the Hordaland Health Study; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity. #: two birth cohorts: 1925–1927 and 1950–1951.
- TABLE 2
Characteristics and spirometry values of participants in the healthy subgroup, stratified by sex and by survey
BCRDS PSWON HCRHS BD-HUSK Total Survey years 1965–1970 1988–1990 1996–1997 1998–1999 1965–1999 Birth years 1894–1943 1944–1958 1914–1969 1925–1951# 1894–1969 Number of subjects¶ 1438 (26) 5674 (22) 409 (21) 521 (19) 8042 (22) Males Subjects 328 (23) 5674 (100) 154 (38) 136 (26) 6292 (78) Age years 40.8±14.4 37.8±4.4 44.8±14.9 64.5±11.5 38.7±7.3 Height cm 175.5±6.6 179.3±6.3 179.4±6.8 176.5±6.5 179.0±6.4 Education <11 years 81 (26) 405 (7) 11 (7) 16 (12) 513 (8) 11–13 years 149 (47) 2922 (52) 77 (50) 60 (44) 3208 (52) 14–20+ years 87 (27) 2277 (41) 65 (42) 59 (44) 2488 (40) FEV1, L 4.43±0.92 4.42±0.59 4.14±0.77 3.38±0.61 4.39±0.64 FEV1, z-score 0.71±1.11 0.11±0.92 −0.01±0.88 0.06±0.91 0.14±0.94 FVC, L 5.35±1.04 5.50±0.76 5.18±0.94 4.32±0.77 5.46±0.80 FVC, z-score 0.48±1.00 0.12±0.89 −0.03±0.81 −0.09±0.84 0.13±0.90 Females Subjects 1110 (77) - 255 (62) 385 (74) 1750 (22) Age years 47.6±14.1 - 50.7±15.2 61.7±12.3 51.1±15.0 Height cm 161.5±6.1 - 164.8±6.2 163.0±6.3 162.3±6.3 Education <11 years 559 (52) - 48 (19) 89 (23) 696 (41) 11–13 years 420 (39) - 118 (47) 194 (51) 732 (43) 14–20+ years 101 (9) - 86 (34) 98 (26) 285 (17) FEV1, L 2.91±0.68 - 2.87±0.64 2.47±0.55 2.81±0.67 FEV1, z-score 0.39±1.16 - 0.14±0.90 0.01±0.91 0.27±1.09 FVC, L 3.50±0.73 - 3.55±0.76 3.09±0.65 3.42±0.74 FVC, z-score 0.19±1.03 - 0.10±0.84 −0.11±0.83 0.11±0.97 Variables are presented as mean±sd or n (%) as appropriate. Z-scores calculated according to Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI-2012) equations. BCRDS: Bergen Chronic Respiratory Disease Survey; PSWON: Pneumoconiosis Survey of Western Norway; HCRHS: Hordaland County Respiratory Health Survey; BD-HUSK: Bronchodilatation Survey of the Hordaland Health Study; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity. #: two birth cohorts: 1925–1927 and 1950–1951; ¶: percentage refers to the original population.
- TABLE 3
Estimated changes of forced expiratory volume in 1 s z-scores with birth cohort in the total population
Males Females Birth cohort n Coefficient 95% CI p-value n Coefficient 95% CI p-value 1894–1904 469 - - - 640 - - - 1905–1914 517 −0.05 (−0.18–0.08) 0.440 720 0.19 (0.06–0.31) <0.001 1915–1924 674 0.19 (0.07–0.31) <0.001 790 0.31 (0.19–0.43) <0.001 1925–1934 1552 0.51 (0.39–0.63) <0.001 1580 0.61 (0.49–0.74) <0.001 1935–1944 2125 0.74 (0.61–0.86) <0.001 720 0.66 (0.53–0.79) <0.001 1945–1954 17 838 0.66 (0.54–0.79) <0.001 1095 0.57 (0.42–0.73) <0.001 1955–1964 7223 0.59 (0.46–0.72) <0.001 250 0.48 (0.28–0.68) <0.001 1965–1969 133 0.59 (0.37–0.80) <0.001 140 0.55 (0.32–0.79) <0.001 Linear mixed-effect models with random effects at the survey level, adjusted for smoking status, pack-years, education, lung diseases and respiratory symptoms. Birth cohort reference category = 1894–1904. Z-scores calculated according to Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI-2012) equations.
- TABLE 4
Estimated changes of forced vital capacity z-scores with birth cohort in the total population
Males Females Birth cohort n Coefficient 95% CI p-value n Coefficient 95% CI p-value 1894–1904 469 - - - 640 - - - 1905–1914 517 0.00 (−0.12–0.12) 0.990 720 0.13 (0.02–0.24) 0.020 1915–1924 674 0.14 (0.03–0.26) 0.010 790 0.28 (0.18–0.39) <0.001 1925–1934 1552 0.43 (0.32–0.54) <0.001 1580 0.54 (0.43–0.66) <0.001 1935–1944 2125 0.61 (0.50–0.73) <0.001 720 0.53 (0.41–0.65) <0.001 1945–1954 17 838 0.60 (0.48–0.72) <0.001 1095 0.50 (0.36–0.64) <0.001 1955–1964 7223 0.61 (0.49–0.73) <0.001 250 0.50 (0.32–0.68) <0.001 1965–1969 133 0.70 (0.50–0.90) <0.001 140 0.64 (0.43–0.85) <0.001 Linear mixed-effect models with random effects at the survey level, adjusted for smoking status, pack-years, education, lung diseases and respiratory symptoms. Birth cohort reference category = 1894–1904. Z-scores calculated according to Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI-2012) equations.
Supplementary Material
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Supplementary material 00302-2022.SUPPLEMENT
