Tables
- TABLE 1
Study compliance with guideline specification [5]
First author (year) [ref.] Study population Medication restriction Exercise intensity Exercise duration Environmental conditions Post-challenge spirometry Diagnostic threshold Hallstrand (2018) [5] (ERS indirect brinchial challenge testing technical standard) SABA, 8 h; LABA, 36 h; LABA in combination with an ICS, 36 h; ultra-LABA, 48 h; ICS, 6 h; long-acting ICS, 24 h; leukotriene receptor antagonists, 4 days; leukotriene synthesis inhibitors, 12/16 h; antihistamines, 72 h; short-acting muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist 12 h; long-acting muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist, 72 h; cromones, 4 h; xanthines, 24 h; caffeine, 24 h; vigorous exercise, 4 h. Target ventilation is 60% of maximum (MVV or FEV1×40) or HR >85% of maximum can serve as a surrogate for ventilation target Maintain target ventilation for ≥4 min, preferably 6 min Inspired air should be dry and ambient temperature <25°C
This can be accomplished by conducting the study in an air-conditioned room (with ambient temperature at 20–25°C) with low RH (≤50%)
An ideal system delivers dry air through a mouthpiece and a two-way valve from a talc-free reservoir filled with medical-grade compressed airSerial assessments of spirometry for 30 min after exercise ≥10% fall in FEV1 Eggleston (1979) [8] n=45; age range 16–30 years; young adults with asthma SABA, 8 h; LABA, 12 h; corticosteroid therapy was continued; cromones, 14 days. − Treadmill speed and slope adjusted to maintain 90% predicted HR + 5 min treadmill running + No information provided ? 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min after exercise − No information provided ? Lin (1991) [9] n=22; age range 20–40 years; stable unmedicated asthma Bronchodilators, 7 days; corticosteroids, 28 days; cromones, 28 days; methylxanthine, 7 days; antihistamine, 7 days ? Treadmill rate and slope adjusted to achieve 90% predicted HR + 6 min treadmill running + No information provided ? 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min after exercise + >20% fall in FEV1 − Avital (2000) [10] n=135; age mean±sd 12.4±3.9 years; children and young adults with asthma Bronchodilators, 12 h; ICS was continued; cromones (sodium cromoglycate), 20 h; xanthines, NA. − Treadmill at 10° slope and 5 km·h−1 speed − 6 min of treadmill running + Temperature ranged 22–26°C and 48–56% RH − 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 min after exercise − ≥8.2% fall in FEV1 − Klepac-Pulanic (2004) [11] n=35; age range 15–48 years; asthma or allergic rhinitis SABA, 12–48 h; ICS, therapy was continued; short-acting muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist (ipatropium), 24 h; xanthines (theophyllines) 72 h; antihistamines, 4 days; caffeine, on day of study; cromones; NA − Treadmill speed and slope adjusted to maintain 85% predicted HR + 6 min treadmill running + Temperature ranged 18–28°C mean±sd 24.1±3°C and humidity 40–85% RH mean±sd 62.35±14.3% RH − Immediately and 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min after exercise + ≥10% fall in FEV1 + Kersten (2009) [12] n=25; mean±sd age 12.4±2 years; children with allergic asthma and EIB SABA, 8 h; LABA, 24 h; corticosteroids, 28 days; antihistamines, 14 days; cromones, 14 days; anticholinergics, 14 days; ICS, 24 h; vigorous exercise, 4 h − Treadmill speed adjusted to maintain 90% predicted HR + ≤6 min treadmill running + Cold, dry air was obtained by testing in an ice rink with a constant temperature of 18°C + 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 20 min after exercise − >15% fall in FEV1 − SABA: short-acting β2-agonist; LABA: long-acting β2-agonist; ICS: inhaled corticosteroid; MVV: maximum voluntary ventilation; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; HR: heart rate; RH: relative humidity; −: criteria not met; +: criteria met; ?: insufficient information provided; NA: not applicable; EIB: exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.