TABLE 4

Summary of standardised effect estimates for studies defined as “exemplar” models of patient-centred care

	V′_O₂peak L·min⁻¹	Peak work rate W	Cycle endurance min	ISWT m	ESWT	6MWT m	12MWT m
Additional exercise training
LL strength
UL/LL strength
Other						39.00 (−54.57–132.57); N¹=9i versus 8c
NIV	0.15 (−0.29–0.59) units^¶; N²=39i versus 42c	8.00 (−5.53–21.53); N¹=9i versus 10c	3.50 (−1.38–8.38); N¹=10i versus 11c	17.00 (−5.47–39.47); N¹=10i versus 11c		15.00 (−41.69–71.69); N¹=30i versus 32c
Oxygen		−4.52 (−17.07–8.03); N²=26i versus 27c	4.70 (−1.96–11.36); N¹=14i versus 15c		233.38 (−245.24–712.0) m^#; N²=40i versus 45c	−37.0 (−98.61–24.61); N¹=12i versus 12c
Heliox
Prescription medications
Tiotropium						4.66 (−69.63–78.95); N¹=11i versus 11c
Anabolic steroids	−0.59 (−1.58–0.40) units^¶; N¹=10i versus 7c					*−63.0 (−91.09– −34.91); N¹=10i versus* 7c**
Growth hormone	*0.05 (0.01–0.09); N²=18i versus* 18c**					−26.21 (−148.92–96.50)^#; N²=22i versus 23c
Vitamin D
Hypertonic saline
Nutritional supplementation
Proteins/fats				−26.00 (−72.28–20.28); N¹=15i versus 15c	−0.12 (−0.84–0.6) units^¶; N¹=15i versus 15c	−0.70 (−42.16–40.76); N¹=15i versus 15c
Creatine
Amino acids
Breathing exercises
Inspiratory muscle training	−0.06 (−0.19–0.07); N¹=20i versus 20c	−7.00 (−32.90–18.90); N¹=20i versus 20c					69.00 (−154.89–292.89); N¹=20i versus 20c
Breathing retraining
Other

Data are presented as mean difference (95% CI), where the mean difference is the change from baseline and a positive effect estimate favours intervention (“add-on” therapies). Data from individual studies may appear more than once across different outcomes (columns). V′_O₂peak: peak oxygen uptake; ISWT: incremental shuttle walk test; ESWT: endurance shuttle walk test; 6MWT: 6-min walk test; 12MWT: 12-min walk test; LL: lower limb; UL: upper limb; NIV: noninvasive ventilation; N^x: number of participants (x is number of studies); i: intervention group; c: control group. ^#: random effects model; ^¶: standardised mean difference. Bold indicates statistically significant treatment effect.