Demographic and clinical characteristics of cases and controls
Cases | Controls | p-value | |
Subjects | 80 | 160 | |
Demographics | |||
Male | 48 (60.0) | 96 (60.0) | 1.000 |
Remote residence childhood | 53 (93.0) | 82 (85.4) | 0.237 |
Remote residence adulthood | 48 (60.0) | 99 (61.9) | 0.449 |
Tobacco# | 51 (63.8) | 114 (71.3) | 0.237 |
Alcohol¶ | 54 (67.5) | 103 (64.4) | 0.631 |
Comorbidities | |||
COPD+ | 8 (10.0) | 6 (3.8) | 0.051 |
Asthma§ | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.333 |
Heart disease | 19 (23.8) | 38 (23.8) | 1.000 |
CCF | 7 (8.8) | 11 (6.9) | 0.603 |
IHD | 11 (13.8) | 22 (13.8) | 1.000 |
RHD | 1 (1.3) | 5 (3.1) | 0.380 |
Diabetes | 23 (28.8) | 67 (41.9) | 0.048 |
Chronic kidney diseaseƒ | 11 (13.8) | 38 (23.8) | 0.161 |
Chronic liver disease | 9 (11.3) | 5 (3.1) | 0.011 |
HTLV-1 infection | |||
HTLV-1 infected## | 42 (52.5) | 53 (33.1) | 0.004 |
HTLV-1 PVL copies per 105 PBLs | 213.8 (19.7–3776) | 26.6 (0.9–361) | 0.002 |
Admission details¶¶ | |||
Childhood admissions | |||
Any admission++ | 55 (68.8) | 72 (45.0) | 0.035 |
Any LRTI admission§§ | 40 (50.0) | 52 (32.5) | 0.009 |
ICU LRTI admissions | 0.04±0.19 | 0.01±0.11 | 0.317 |
LRTI admissions | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–2) | 0.041 |
Adulthood admissions | |||
Any admission++ | 49 (61.3) | 68 (42.5) | 0.005 |
Any LRTI admission§§ | 49 (61.3) | 67 (41.9) | 0.005 |
ICU LRTI admissions | 0.14±0.47 | 0.06±0.33 | 0.1166 |
LRTI admissions | 4 (1–10) | 0 (0–1) | <0.001 |
Severe LRTIƒƒ | 21 (26.3) | 3 (1.9) | <0.001 |
Mortality | |||
Died | 31 (38.8) | 18 (11.3) | <0.001 |
Age at death years | 50 (36–59) | 58.5 (44–63) | 0.0579 |
Data are presented as n, n (%), median (interquartile range) or mean±sd, unless otherwise stated. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CCF: congestive cardiac failure; IHD: ischaemic heart disease; RHD: rheumatic heart disease; HTLV-1: human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1; PVL: pro-viral load; PBL: peripheral blood leukocyte; LRTI: lower respiratory tract infection; ICU: intensive care unit. #: any history of tobacco smoking recorded in medical records; ¶: any history of harmful alcohol use recorded in medical records; +: history of COPD recorded in case notes with chest radiography findings consistent with this diagnosis (prior to bronchiectasis diagnosis for cases); §: clinical diagnosis of asthma recorded in case notes with an increased forced expiratory volume in 1 s >12% and >200 mL after administration of bronchodilators; ƒ: stage ≥2; ##: HTLV-1 Western blot or HTLV-1c PCR positive; ¶¶: prior to diagnosis for cases and to time of recruitment for controls; ++: admission for any reason; §§: admission for LRTI; ƒƒ: LRTI due to severe pneumonia, severe bronchiolitis or tuberculosis at any age (see Methods).