Predictors of any death among cases and their controls
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Male | 1.61 (0.82–3.15) | 0.169 | ||
| HTLV-1 infected# | 1.00 (0.52–1.90) | 1.000 | ||
| HTLV-1 infection (categorical)¶ | ||||
| Uninfected | Reference | Reference | ||
| Low HTLV-1 PVL | 0.75 (0.35–1.62) | 0.467 | 2.27 (0.93–5.54) | 0.071 |
| High HTLV-1 PVL | 3.21 (1.28–8.08) | 0.013 | 3.69 (1.11–12.27) | 0.033 |
| Age+ | 1.20 (1.07–1.35) | 0.002 | 1.15 (1.00–1.32) | 0.051 |
| Remote residence§ | 0.68 (0.30–1.55) | 0.354 | ||
| Bronchiectasis | 4.73 (2.43–9.23) | <0.001 | 4.27 (2.04–8.94) | <0.001 |
| COPDƒ | 6.20 (2.04–18.85) | 0.001 | 3.97 (1.06–14.87) | 0.040 |
| CCF | 2.81 (1.03–7.69) | 0.044 | 2.27 (0.73–7.03) | 0.155 |
| IHD | 1.93 (0.85–4.40) | 0.116 | ||
| RHD | 0.80 (0.09–6.97) | 0.837 | ||
| Diabetes | 0.89 (0.46–1.73) | 0.739 | ||
| Haemodialysis## | 0.85 (0.23–3.08) | 0.802 | ||
| Chronic liver disease | 1.10 (0.29–4.10) | 0.891 | ||
| Malignancy | 2.74 (0.44–16.87) | 0.277 | ||
| Alcohol¶¶ | 0.96 (0.49–1.85) | 0.892 | ||
| Tobacco++ | 1.13 (0.57–2.26) | 0.728 | ||
| Eosinophilia§§ | 2.17 (1.15–4.13) | 0.018 | ||
| Strongyloidesƒƒ | 1.36 (0.68–2.72) | 0.380 | ||
| Bronchiectasis complications | ||||
| Respiratory failure | 12.01 (4.55–31.71) | <0.001 | ||
| Right heart failure | 5.73 (1.24–26.52) | 0.026 | ||
| Haemoptysis | 4.27 (1.03–17.75) | 0.046 |
HTLV-1: human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1; PVL: pro-viral load; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CCF: congestive cardiac failure; IHD: ischaemic heart disease; RHD: rheumatic heart disease. 31 cases and 18 controls died during follow-up. 28 cases, but no controls, died as a result of respiratory disease. Major causes of death among controls were cardiovascular disease (n=7), malignancy (n=3) and nonrespiratory sepsis (n=3). #: HTLV-1 Western blot or HTLV-1c PCR positive; ¶: stratified by HTLV-1 PVL (low HTLV-1 PVL, <1000 copies per 105 peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs); high HTLV-1 PVL, ≥1000 copies per 105 PBLs); +: risk per 5 years; §: documented residence >80 km from Alice Springs in adulthood; ƒ: diagnosis recorded in case notes with chest radiography findings consistent with diagnosis (cases diagnosed before bronchiectasis, controls to date of recruitment); ##: six cases (HTLV-1+ n=3) and 12 controls (HTLV-1+ n=5) were receiving haemodialysis at time of recruitment; ¶¶: any history of harmful alcohol consumption recorded in case notes; ++: any history of tobacco smoking recorded in case notes; §§: peripheral blood eosinophilia recorded on at least two occasions 12 months apart (prior to diagnosis for cases); ƒƒ: Strongyloides seropositive or larvae identified in stool at any time prior to date of recruitment.