Definitions of hyperprogressive disease in immunotherapy using tumour growth kinetics
| Definition of hyperprogressive disease | Tumour type | Patients | [Ref.] |
| A Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours progression at the first evaluation with a twofold or greater increase in TGR between the period prior to treatment and upon therapy | All histologies treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 | 131 | [16] |
| A tumour growth kinetics ratio ≥2, being the ratio between the slope of tumour growth prior to treatment and after start of therapy | Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | 34 | [17] |
| Time-to-treatment failure of less than 2 months, >50% increase in tumour burden compared with pre-immunotherapy imaging, and more than twofold increase in progression pace | Stage IV cancer, different tumour types | 155 | [18] |
| A disease progression at the first evaluation with ΔTGR exceeding 50%, with ΔTGR being the variation per month between TGR before and during treatment | Nonsmall cell lung cancer | 406 | [19] |
| An absolute increase of ΔTGR by 50%, with ΔTGR being the variation per month of TGR before and after initiation of therapy | Nonsmall cell lung cancer | 242 | [20] |
TGR: tumour growth rate; PD-1: programmed cell death 1; PD-L1: ligand of programmed cell death 1.