Comorbidities during hospitalisation and treatments for COPD with and without inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) withdrawal, before and after 1–2 propensity score (PS) matching and after stabilised inverse probability weighting (IPTW)
All patients | 1–2 PS matching | Stabilised IPTW | |||||||
ICS withdrawal (n=971) ×100 | Control (n=2764) ×100 | smd | ICS withdrawal (n=904) ×100 | Control (n=1808) ×100 | smd | ICS withdrawal (n=872) ×100 | Control (n=2591) ×100 | smd | |
Comorbidity | |||||||||
Lung cancer | 0.14% | 0.08% | 16.8% | 0.14% | 0.14% | −0.2% | 0.12% | 0.11% | 3.9% |
Other malignancy | 0.10% | 0.07% | 12.5% | 0.10% | 0.11% | −2.2% | 0.08% | 0.08% | −1.1% |
Diabetes/abnormal glucose tolerance | 0.21% | 0.22% | −2.4% | 0.21% | 0.22% | −3.5% | 0.27% | 0.22% | 11.5% |
Bone fracture/osteoporosis | 0.06% | 0.07% | −2.1% | 0.06% | 0.07% | −4.0% | 0.05% | 0.07% | −4.7% |
Interstitial pneumonia | 0.11% | 0.05% | 24.5% | 0.11% | 0.11% | −0.9% | 0.07% | 0.07% | 2.6% |
Bronchial asthma | 0.37% | 0.66% | −61.0% | 0.37% | 0.39% | −4.6% | 0.58% | 0.58% | −0.2% |
Bronchiectasis | 0.24% | 0.22% | 4.2% | 0.24% | 0.21% | 7.2% | 0.22% | 0.22% | −0.6% |
Pneumothorax | 0.04% | 0.03% | 3.1% | 0.04% | 0.04% | −2.6% | 0.04% | 0.03% | 1.6% |
Pulmonary thromboembolism | 0.00% | 0.01% | 3.8% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 4.7% | 0.01% | 0.01% | −0.2% |
Mycobacterium infection | 0.02% | 0.01% | 10.9% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 2.6% | 0.01% | 0.01% | −0.5% |
Mycotic infection | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.6% | 0.02% | 0.03% | −6.5% | 0.02% | 0.02% | −1.7% |
Cor pulmonale | 0.02% | 0.02% | 2.2% | 0.02% | 0.02% | −0.8% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.7% |
Congestive heart failure | 0.21% | 0.22% | −0.8% | 0.21% | 0.20% | 2.9% | 0.22% | 0.22% | 0.2% |
Ischaemic heart disease | 0.14% | 0.14% | 1.8% | 0.14% | 0.14% | −0.3% | 0.17% | 0.14% | 9.6% |
Tachycardia | 0.11% | 0.10% | 3.8% | 0.11% | 0.11% | 1.1% | 0.11% | 0.10% | 0.5% |
Autoimmune disease | 0.04% | 0.03% | 7.5% | 0.04% | 0.05% | 5.0% | 0.03% | 0.03% | 1.2% |
Stroke | 0.03% | 0.02% | 5.0% | 0.03% | 0.03% | −0.3% | 0.02% | 0.03% | −1.5% |
Liver dysfunction | 0.03% | 0.02% | 5.3% | 0.03% | 0.05% | −9.2% | 0.03% | 0.03% | 0.7% |
Renal failure | 0.04% | 0.03% | 5.2% | 0.04% | 0.05% | −2.4% | 0.03% | 0.03% | −1.6% |
GORD | 0.19% | 0.22% | −6.9% | 0.19% | 0.22% | −5.9% | 0.23% | 0.23% | 0.4% |
Constipation or ileus | 0.17% | 0.15% | 4.6% | 0.17% | 0.16% | 1.9% | 0.20% | 0.16% | 11.2% |
Prostate hypertrophy | 0.11% | 0.10% | 3.7% | 0.11% | 0.10% | 4.5% | 0.10% | 0.10% | −1.1% |
Treatment, categorical data | |||||||||
Before hospitalisation | |||||||||
Home ventilatory support | 0.02% | 0.02% | −0.3% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.8% | 0.03% | 0.02% | 5.9% |
Home oxygen therapy | 0.25% | 0.29% | −9.3% | 0.25% | 0.24% | 0.8% | 0.29% | 0.28% | 2.5% |
Both LAMAs and LABAs | 0.24% | 0.20% | 8.3% | 0.24% | 0.24% | −1.3% | 0.24% | 0.22% | 4.8% |
LAMAs only | 0.58% | 0.67% | −17.4% | 0.58% | 0.59% | −0.6% | 0.64% | 0.65% | −1.6% |
LABAs only | 0.46% | 0.36% | 20.7% | 0.46% | 0.47% | −2.3% | 0.42% | 0.40% | 5.4% |
SABAs or SAMAs | 0.43% | 0.56% | −27.2% | 0.43% | 0.44% | −2.0% | 0.54% | 0.51% | 5.5% |
Theophylline | 0.32% | 0.47% | −31.2% | 0.32% | 0.33% | −0.5% | 0.45% | 0.43% | 4.6% |
Expectorants | 0.75% | 0.76% | −1.9% | 0.75% | 0.74% | 1.5% | 0.71% | 0.75% | −9.2% |
Antibiotic prescriptions per 30 days | 0.23% | 0.31% | −11.9% | 0.23% | 0.20% | 5.0% | 0.26% | 0.28% | −2.8% |
Macrolides per 30 days | 0.11% | 0.19% | −19.4% | 0.11% | 0.09% | 8.6% | 0.14% | 0.16% | −5.2% |
TMP/SMX combination per 30 days | 0.03% | 0.02% | 4.5% | 0.03% | 0.02% | 4.2% | 0.02% | 0.02% | −2.0% |
Anti-MRSA drugs per 30 days | 0.00% | 0.00% | 5.5% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 2.4% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 1.5% |
Antifungal agent per 30 days | 0.00% | 0.00% | −0.9% | 0.00% | 0.00% | −2.8% | 0.00% | 0.00% | −0.6% |
Medication for influenza per 30 days | 0.00% | 0.00% | −3.6% | 0.00% | 0.00% | −2.5% | 0.00% | 0.00% | −0.0% |
Oral corticosteroids per 30 days | 0.10% | 0.18% | −15.8% | 0.10% | 0.09% | 3.1% | 0.15% | 0.16% | −1.6% |
i.v. corticosteroids per 30 days | 0.06% | 0.13% | −14.3% | 0.06% | 0.07% | −3.7% | 0.10% | 0.11% | −2.3% |
At and during hospitalisation | |||||||||
Ambulance transport | 0.22% | 0.23% | −1.7% | 0.22% | 0.21% | 4.4% | 0.21% | 0.23% | −4.2% |
ICU admission | 0.01% | 0.02% | −6.1% | 0.01% | 0.02% | −4.6% | 0.02% | 0.03% | −1.4% |
Corticosteroids | 0.37% | 0.58% | −41.8% | 0.37% | 0.38% | −1.8% | 0.50% | 0.52% | −3.8% |
Aminoglycosides | 0.01% | 0.01% | −2.6% | 0.01% | 0.01% | −3.4% | 0.01% | 0.01% | −2.4% |
Carbapenems | 0.13% | 0.13% | 0.9% | 0.13% | 0.14% | −2.6% | 0.14% | 0.13% | 2.3% |
Anti-MRSA drugs | 0.02% | 0.01% | 6.8% | 0.02% | 0.03% | −2.1% | 0.03% | 0.02% | 8.2% |
Macrolides | 0.24% | 0.33% | −22.1% | 0.24% | 0.23% | 2.4% | 0.29% | 0.30% | −2.2% |
Fluoroquinolones | 0.29% | 0.31% | −3.3% | 0.29% | 0.28% | 2.3% | 0.30% | 0.30% | −0.8% |
Mechanical ventilation | 0.06% | 0.06% | −0.6% | 0.06% | 0.07% | −4.3% | 0.08% | 0.07% | 5.9% |
Haemodialysis | 0.01% | 0.01% | 4.6% | 0.01% | 0.01% | 3.0% | 0.01% | 0.01% | −1.2% |
Nasal tube feeding | 0.02% | 0.01% | 7.2% | 0.02% | 0.01% | 1.3% | 0.02% | 0.01% | 7.2% |
Surgery under general anaesthesia | 0.00% | 0.00% | −1.6% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 6.3% | 0.00% | 0.00% | −2.8% |
Prescription of LABAs/LAMAs | 0.05% | 0.01% | 25.7% | 0.05% | 0.05% | 0.0% | 0.02% | 0.02% | −0.9% |
Prescription of LAMAs | 0.24% | 0.60% | −77.3% | 0.24% | 0.25% | −1.0% | 0.25% | 0.22% | 7.7% |
Prescription of LABAs | 0.26% | 0.19% | 16.9% | 0.26% | 0.27% | −2.6% | 0.49% | 0.50% | −1.1% |
Discharge to home | 0.92% | 0.97% | −22.8% | 0.92% | 0.91% | 4.0% | 0.95% | 0.95% | 0.8% |
Treatment, numerical data | Mean±sd | Mean±sd | Mean±sd | Mean±sd | Mean±sd | Mean±sd | |||
Length of stay days | 19.3±20.0 | 19.3±15.9 | 1.7 | 19.4±20.3 | 19.9±14.2 | −2.9 | 20.0±21.4 | 19.4±15.3 | 3.7 |
smd: standardised mean difference; GORD: gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; LAMA: long-acting muscarinic antagonist; LABA: long-acting β2-agonist; SABA: short-acting β2-agonist; SAMA: short-acting muscarinic antagonist; TMP/SMX: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; MSRA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; ICU: intensive care unit.