TABLE 3

Crude and adjusted time ratio^# of presentation delay by risk factor, for people with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in the South East of England, 2011–2015 (n=779)

	Crude time ratio (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted time ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Ethnicity
Not white	Ref.		Ref.
White	1.22 (0.99–1.50)	0.063	1.08 (0.82–1.42)	0.601
Mental health barriers
No	Ref.		Ref.
Yes	2.26 (1.37–3.75)	0.001	2.06 (1.22–3.50)	0.007
Rurality
Rural	Ref.		Ref.
Urban	0.92 (0.65–1.32)	0.656	0.88 (0.61–1.27)	0.500
Physical health comorbidity
No	Ref.		Ref.
Yes	0.86 (0.62–1.20)	0.366	0.75 (0.54–1.05)	0.091
Language barriers
No	Ref.		Ref.
Yes	1.25 (0.92–1.71)	0.160	1.40 (1.01–1.94)	0.042
Sex
Female	Ref.		Ref.
Male	1.10 (0.90–1.34)	0.335	1.04 (0.85–1.27)	0.698
Prior TB diagnosis
No	Ref.		Ref.
Yes	1.36 (0.92–2.02)	0.125	1.01(0.68–1.51)	0.953
Age group years^¶
≥65	Ref.		Ref.
45–64	1.30 (0.97–1.74)	0.078	1.27 (0.95–1.72)	0.103
15–44	0.94 (0.72–1.21)	0.615	1.05 (0.79–1.41)	0.718
0–14	0.22 (0.08–0.56)	0.002	0.23 (0.09–0.59)	0.002
Social risk factors present⁺
None	Ref.		Ref.
1	1.44 (1.01–2.05)	0.043	1.18 (0.82–1.71)	0.362
≥2	1.02 (0.65–1.59)	0.936	0.76 (0.47–1.21)	0.248
Time resident in UK^§
UK-born	Ref.		Ref.
≥11 years	1.01 (0.77–1.18)	0.947	0.99 (0.71–1.39)	0.959
2–10 years	0.74 (0.59–0.95)	0.016	0.77 (0.56–1.04)	0.090
<2 years	0.86 (0.62–1.18)	0.350	0.84 (0.58–1.22)	0.366
QIMD^ƒ
1 (least deprived)	Ref.		Ref.
2	0.83 (0.59–1.16)	0.276	0.86 (0.64–1.24)	0.358
3	0.93 (0.58–1.28)	0.668	0.98 (0.73–1.36)	0.878
4	1.08 (0.79–1.49)	0.619	1.04 (0.75–1.43)	0.818
5 (most deprived)	1.19 (0.81–1.75)	0.381	1.20 (0.86–1.85)	0.341

QIMD: Quintile of Index of Multiple Deprivation. Bold type represents statistical significance at a p-value ≤0.05. ^#: all models include a random effect on 62 local authority districts; ^¶: Wald p-value for overall effect of age group categorical variable crude <0.001, adjusted 0.003; ⁺: Wald p-value for overall effect of social risk factor categorical variable crude 0.128, adjusted 0.275; ^§: Wald p-value for overall effect of time in UK categorical variable crude 0.058, adjusted 0.247; ^ƒ: Wald p-value for overall effect of QIMD categorical variable crude 0.306, adjusted 0.474.