TABLE 4

Crude and adjusted time ratio^# of healthcare delay by risk factor, for people with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in the South East of England, 2011–2015 (n=621)

	Crude time ratio (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted time ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Ethnicity
Not white	Ref.		Ref.
White	1.15 (0.92–1.43)	0.213	1.15 (0.87–1.51)	0.325
Physical health comorbidity
No	Ref.		Ref.
Yes	1.05 (0.74–1.50)	0.786	1.10 (0.78–1.56)	0.583
Sex
Female	Ref.		Ref.
Male	0.69 (0.56–0.85)	<0.001	0.74 (0.60–0.91)	0.005
Prior TB diagnosis
No	Ref.		Ref.
Yes	0.92 (0.62–1.37)	0.690	0.95 (0.65–1.41)	0.815
Age group years^¶
≥65	Ref.		Ref.
45–64	0.81 (0.59–1.12)	0.207	0.78 (0.57–1.09)	0.144
15–44	0.68 (0.51–0.90)	0.008	0.79 (0.57–1.09)	0.151
0–14	0.45 (0.13–1.58)	0.212	0.55 (0.17–1.85)	0.337
Time resident in UK⁺
UK-born	Ref.		Ref.
≥11 years	1.08 (0.81–1.44)	0.600	1.06 (0.76–1.47)	0.741
2–10 years	0.81(0.64–1.04)	0.105	0.81 (0.60–1.09)	0.161
<2 years	0.56 (0.39–0.79)	0.001	0.47 (0.32–0.67)	<0.001
Area-level incidence
Low/medium	Ref.		Ref.
High	0.83 (0.59–1.17)	0.323	1.04 (0.73–1.47)	0.838
Referred by^§
Primary care	Ref.		Ref.
Secondary	0.65 (0.53–0.81)	<0.001	0.63 (0.51–0.78)	<0.001
Prison	0.53 (0.15–1.87)	0.323	0.61 (0.18–2.10)	0.432
Sputum smear
Negative	Ref.		Ref.
Positive	0.60 (0.49–0.74)	<0.001	0.58 (0.47–0.70)	<0.001
Social risk factors present^ƒ
None	Ref.		Ref.
1	0.71 (0.50–1.00)	0.05	0.91 (0.64–1.28)	0.578
≥2	0.54 (0.34–0.86)	0.009	0.59 (0.38–0.94)	0.025

Bold type represents statistical significance at a p-value ≤0.05. ^#: all models include a random effect on 62 local authority districts; ^¶: Wald p-value for overall effect of age group categorical variable crude 0.039, adjusted 0.40; ⁺: Wald p-value for overall effect of time in UK categorical variable crude 0.002, adjusted <0.001; ^§: Wald p-value for overall effect of referred by categorical variable crude <0.001, adjusted <0.001; ^ƒ: Wald p-value for overall effect of social risk factor categorical variable crude 0.007, adjusted 0.08.