Characteristics of study participants by case finding strategies and types of tuberculosis (TB)
| Characteristics | TB case-finding strategies | Types of TB | Total | |||||
| Community-based ACF using seed-and-recruit model | One-off roving ACF | PCF | p-value | Smear-negative, clinician-diagnosed, EPTB | Bacteriologically confirmed TB | p-value | ||
| Time from onset of symptoms to TB treatment initiation, in days | 42 (24–103) | 59 (29–144) | 38 (16–84) | <0.001 | 56 (27–120) | 47 (23–113) | 0.074 | 53 (26–118) |
| Age, in years | 58 (47–67) | 65 (55–73) | 56 (45–64) | <0.001 | 63 (53–72) | 58 (49–67) | <0.001 | 61 (52–71) |
| Distance from home to health facility, in kilometres | 4 (2–8) | 4 (3–6) | 4(2–6) | 0.119 | 4 (2–6) | 4 (2–7) | 0.355 | 4 (2–6) |
| Age, in years | 56.1±14.7 | 63.6±12.1 | 54.4±15.4 | <0.001 | 61.6±13.6 | 57.7±14.2 | <0.001 | 60.1±13.9 |
| Patient perspectives toward TB# | 17.8±5.8 | 18.6±4.2 | 16.4±5.5 | 0.001 | 18.1±4.8 | 18.1±5.3 | 0.890 | 18.1±5.0 |
| Operational districts | <0.001 | 0.520 | ||||||
| Urban | 126 (48.3%) | 95 (23.9%) | 54 (77.1%) | 164 (36.9%) | 111 (39.2%) | 275 (37.8%) | ||
| Rural | 135 (51.7%) | 302 (76.1%) | 16 (22.9%) | 281 (63.1%) | 172 (60.8%) | 453 (62.2%) | ||
| Female | 117 (44.8%) | 193 (48.6%) | 32 (45.7%) | 0.620 | 221 (49.7%) | 121 (42.8%) | 0.069 | 342 (47.0%) |
| Education level¶ | 0.117 | 0.200 | ||||||
| Primary and lower | 215 (82.7%) | 339 (86.3%) | 54 (77.1%) | 377 (85.5%) | 231 (81.9%) | 608 (84.1%) | ||
| Above primary | 45 (17.3%) | 54 (13.7%) | 16 (22.9%) | 64 (14.5%) | 51 (18.1%) | 115 (15.9%) | ||
| Marital status | 0.001 | 0.260 | ||||||
| Never married | 10 (3.8%) | 16 (4.0%) | 8 (11.4%) | 21 (4.7%) | 13 (4.6%) | 34 (4.7%) | ||
| Currently married | 216 (82.8%) | 294 (74.1%) | 55 (78.6%) | 337 (75.7%) | 228 (80.3%) | 565 (77.6%) | ||
| Divorced/widowed | 35 (13.4%) | 87 (21.9%) | 7 (10.0%) | 87 (19.6%) | 42 (14.8%) | 130 (17.7%) | ||
| Ever smoked+ | 88 (33.7%) | 103 (25.9%) | 26 (37.1%) | 0.038 | 109 (24.5%) | 108 (38.2%) | <0.001 | 217 (29.8%) |
| Current smokers | 49 (18.9%) | 65 (16.4%) | 19 (27.1%) | 0.098 | 69 (15.5%) | 64 (22.8%) | 0.014 | 133 (18.3%) |
| Ever consumed alcohol¶,§ | 92 (35.5%) | 93 (23.6%) | 25 (35.7%) | 0.002 | 111 (25.1%) | 99 (35.4%) | 0.003 | 210 (29.0%) |
| Presence of other known medical conditions | 186 (71.3%) | 292 (73.6%) | 51 (72.9%) | 0.812 | 324 (72.8%) | 205 (72.4%) | 0.913 | 529 (72.7%) |
| Coughƒ | 235 (90.0%) | 338 (85.1%) | 66 (94.3%) | 0.037 | 388 (87.2%) | 251 (88.7%) | 0.547 | 639 (87.8%) |
| Haemoptysisƒ | 62 (23.8%) | 46 (11.6%) | 16 (22.9%) | <0.001 | 59 (13.3%) | 65 (23.0%) | 0.001 | 124 (17.0%) |
| Chest painƒ | 149 (57.1%) | 194 (48.9%) | 48 (68.6%) | 0.004 | 230 (51.7%) | 161 (56.9%) | 0.170 | 391 (53.7%) |
| Dyspnoeaƒ | 90 (34.5%) | 120 (30.2%) | 30 (42.9%) | 0.094 | 134 (30.1%) | 106 (37.5%) | 0.040 | 240 (33.0%) |
| Feverƒ | 153 (58.6%) | 194 (48.9%) | 48 (68.6%) | 0.002 | 250 (56.2%) | 145 (51.2%) | 0.192 | 395 (54.3%) |
| Chillsƒ | 60 (23.0%) | 56 (14.1%) | 10 (14.3%) | 0.010 | 61 (13.7%) | 65 (23.0%) | 0.001 | 126 (17.3%) |
| Weight lossƒ | 187 (71.7%) | 245 (61.7%) | 57 (81.4%) | 0.001 | 303 (68.1%) | 186 (65.7%) | 0.508 | 489 (67.2%) |
| Night sweatsƒ | 128 (49.0%) | 186 (46.9%) | 44 (62.9%) | 0.047 | 219 (49.2%) | 139 (49.1%) | 0.980 | 358 (49.2%) |
| Good TB knowledge## | 193 (73.9%) | 295 (74.3%) | 58 (82.9%) | 0.278 | 345 (77.5%) | 201 (71.0%) | 0.048 | 546 (75.0%) |
| Self-perceived risk of getting TB | 163 (64.4%) | 167 (46.3%) | 57 (86.4%) | <0.001 | 238 (58.3%) | 149 (54.8%) | 0.359 | 387 (56.9%) |
| Total GHQ-12¶¶ | <0.001 | 0.618 | ||||||
| ≤3 | 150 (57.5%) | 164 (41.3%) | 52 (74.3%) | 227 (51.0%) | 139 (49.1%) | 366 (50.3%) | ||
| >3 | 111 (42.5%) | 233 (58.7%) | 18 (25.7%) | 218 (49.0%) | 144 (50.9%) | 362 (49.7%) | ||
| Type of TB | <0.001 | |||||||
| Smear-negative, clinician-diagnosed EPTB | 129 (49.4%) | 272 (68.5%) | 44 (62.9%) | 445 (61.1%) | ||||
| Bacteriologically confirmed TB | 132 (50.6%) | 125 (31.5%) | 26 (37.1%) | 283 (38.9%) | ||||
| Case-finding strategies | <0.001 | |||||||
| Community-based ACF using a seed-and-recruit model | 129 (29.0%) | 132 (46.6%) | 261 (35.9%) | |||||
| One-off roving ACF | 272 (61.1%) | 125 (44.2%) | 397 (54.5%) | |||||
| PCF | 44 (9.9%) | 26 (9.2%) | 70 (9.6%) | |||||
Data are presented as median (interquartile range), mean±sd or n (%), unless otherwise stated. ACF: active case finding; PCF: passive case finding; EPTB: extrapulmonary tuberculosis; GHQ-12: General Health Questionnaire.#: evaluated based on the answers from 12 questions, measured on a Likert scale (0–3), with 0 being strongly disagree and 3 being strongly agree; minimum score is 0 and the maximum score is 36. ¶: excluding missing values. +: including current and ex-smokers. §: participants who had ever consumed alcohol reported frequency of alcohol use that ranged from once a month or less to four times or more per week. ƒ: symptoms prior to TB diagnosis self-reported by study participants. ##: evaluated based on the answers to eight questions regarding the characteristics, symptoms, route of transmission, prevention and treatment of TB with a total score of 13 (median 9); respondents were regarded as having poor TB knowledge if they scored the median or below and good TB knowledge if they scored above the median. ¶¶: evaluated based on the total score of the six negative items; scoring method 0-0-1-1, with 0=“less than usual”, 0=“no more than usual”, 1=“rather more than usual” or 1=“much more than usual”.