Demographic data of the whole cohort and analysis of the risk factors for post-exposure incident tuberculosis (TB) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D)
| Variables | TB contact cohort | Nondiabetes participants | T2D participants | Cox analysis of risk factors for TB in T2D population | ||||
| Non-metformin | Metformin use | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||
| HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | |||||
| Subjects n | 205 797 | 185 189 | 9851 | 10 757 | ||||
| Age years | 46.24±15.17 | 44.90±14.44 | 59.10±16.74 | 57.49±15.70 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.088 | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.455 |
| Male sex | 106 301 (51.65%) | 94 523 (51.04%) | 5719 (58.06%) | 6059 (56.33%) | 1.70 (1.19–2.43) | 0.004 | 1.71 (1.18–2.47) | 0.005 |
| Income level | ||||||||
| Low | 39 865 (19.37%) | 34 088 (18.41%) | 2970 (30.15%) | 2807 (26.09%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Intermediate | 112 053 (54.45%) | 101 464 (54.79%) | 4832 (49.05%) | 5757 (53.52%) | 0.84 (0.58–1.22) | 0.372 | 1.01 (0.68–1.51) | 0.942 |
| High | 53 879 (26.18%) | 49 637 (26.80%) | 2049 (20.80%) | 2193 (20.39%) | 0.69 (0.42–1.13) | 0.141 | 0.89 (0.52–1.52) | 0.669 |
| Urbanisation | ||||||||
| Urban | 114 124 (55.45%) | 103 798 (56.05%) | 4951 (50.26%) | 5375 (49.97%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Suburban | 70 748 (34.38%) | 63 307 (34.19%) | 3529 (35.82%) | 3912 (36.37%) | 1.16 (0.80–1.69) | 0.441 | 1.11 (0.75–1.63) | 0.601 |
| Rural | 20 925 (10.17%) | 18 084 (9.77%) | 1371 (13.92%) | 1470 (13.67%) | 1.99 (1.30–3.06) | 0.002 | 1.83 (1.17–2.88) | 0.008 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| COPD or asthma | 24 763 (12.03%) | 19 316 (10.43%) | 3039 (30.85%) | 2408 (22.39%) | 1.49 (1.05–2.12) | 0.027 | 1.24 (0.85–1.80) | 0.261 |
| Malignancy | 6712 (3.26%) | 5080 (2.74%) | 869 (8.82%) | 763 (7.09%) | 1.19 (0.66–2.15) | 0.565 | 1.03 (0.57–1.89) | 0.913 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 1966 (0.96%) | 1281 (0.69%) | 396 (4.02%) | 289 (2.69%) | 2.81 (1.52–5.20) | 0.001 | 2.00 (1.02–3.92) | 0.042 |
| Alcoholism | 1498 (0.73%) | 1151 (0.62%) | 214 (2.17%) | 133 (1.24%) | 3.24 (1.52–6.94) | 0.002 | 1.94 (0.84–4.47) | 0.119 |
| Autoimmune disease | 5508 (2.68%) | 4450 (2.40%) | 532 (5.40%) | 526 (4.89%) | 0.80 (0.35–1.81) | 0.594# | 0.72 (0.32–1.65) | 0.440# |
| AIDS# | 234 | 164 (0.09%) | 8 (0.08%) | 4 | ||||
| Organ Transplant# | 48 (0.03%) | 10 (0.10%) | ||||||
| Steroid use¶ | 1408 (0.68%) | 1093 (0.59%) | 172 (1.75%) | 143 (1.33%) | 2.25 (0.83–6.09) | 0.110 | 1.88 (0.69–5.12) | 0.220 |
| Statin use¶ | 9653 (4.69%) | 4256 (2.30%) | 1639 (16.64%) | 3758 (34.94%) | 0.66 (0.44–1.00) | 0.049 | 0.77 (0.51–1.18) | 0.236 |
| Insulin use¶ | 1747 (0.85%) | 5 (0.00%) | 808 (8.20%) | 934 (8.68%) | 1.16 (0.66–2.05) | 0.612 | 1.11 (0.62–2.00) | 0.723 |
| aDCSI score | 0.64±1.24 | 0.46±0.96 | 2.27±2.04 | 2.30±1.96 | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) | 0.153 | 1.03 (0.94–1.12) | 0.542 |
| Follow-up duration years | 2.93±0.35 | 2.94±0.30 | 2.71±0.68 | 2.83±0.51 | ||||
| Incident TB events | 912 (0.44%) | 771 (0.42%) | 82 (0.83%) | 59 (0.55%) | ||||
| T2D status on TB exposure | ||||||||
| T2D non-metformin | 9851 (4.78%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| T2D metformin use | 10 757 (5.22%) | 0.63 (0.45–0.88) | 0.007 | 0.69 (0.49–0.98) | 0.036 | |||
Data are presented as n (%) or mean±sd, unless otherwise stated. HR: hazard ratio; aDCSI: adapted diabetes complication severity index. #: because the numbers of AIDS and organ transplant patients were too small to be publicly disclosed in the table, the two factors were combined into autoimmune disease for the univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. ¶: use of a comedication during TB exposure period is defined as taking a drug for >30 cumulative defined daily doses within 6 months before the index date.